Record Life Spans (years) of Amphibians and Reptiles

Longevity Records
Life Spans of Mammals, Birds, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Fish; James R. Carey and Debra S. Judge; Odense University Press, ISBN 87-7838-539-3

Amphibians and Reptiles

Table 3. Record Life Spans (years) of Amphibians and Reptiles

Class
Order/Family
Genus/Species/Sub-species Common Name Capt. M/F Reference
Amphibia
Ambystomatidae Ambystoma macrodactylum krausei Eastern long-toed salamander 5.1 x [2]
  Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillatum Southern long-toed salamander 5.1 x [2]
  Ambystoma maculatum Spotted salamander 25.0 x [7]
  Ambystoma opacum Marbled salamander 3.5 x [2]
  Ambystoma opacum Marbled salamander 4.0 x [8]
  Ambystoma ordinarium Puerto Hondo stream salamander 2.0 x [2]
  Ambystoma talpoideum Mole salamander 2.3 x [2]
  Ambystoma texanum Smallmouth salamander 5.3 x [2]
  Ambystoma tigrinum Tiger salamander 10.3 x [2]
  Ambystoma tigrinum Tiger salamander 25.0 x [8]
  Rhyacotriton olympicus olympicus Olympic salamander 2.7 m [2]
Amphiumidae Amphiuma means Two-toed amphium 14.6 x [2]
  Amphiuma means Two-toed amphium 27.0 x [7]
  Amphiuma tridactylum Three-toed amphium 12.3 x [2]
Atelopodidae Atelopus varius zeteki Veragoa stubfoot toad 0.8 x [2]
Bufonidae Bufo alvarius Colorado river toad 9.2 x [2]
  Bufo americanus American toad 4.7 x [2]
  Bufo americanus American toad 30.0 x [8]
  Bufo americanus American toad 5.0 x [10]
  Bufo blombergi Colombian giant toad 10.8 m [2]
  Bufo boreas Western toad 6.0 x [2]
  Bufo bufo Common European toad 36.0 x [7]
  Bufo debilis insidior Green toad 3.2 x [2]
  Bufo luetkeni Yellow toad 9.9 x [2]
  Bufo marinus Marine toad 8.0 f [2]
  Bufo mazatlanensis Sinaloa toad 3.8 x [2]
  Bufo paracnemis Eurura toad 10.3 x [2]
  Bufo peltacephus   12.7 x [2]
  Bufo punctatus Red-spotted toad 4.1 m [2]
  Bufo quercicus Oak toad 1.9 x [2]
  Bufo retiformis Sonoran green toad 2.9 x [2]
  Bufo speciosus Texas toad 3.9 x [2]
  Bufo viridis European green toad 3.0 x [2]
  Bufo woodhousei fowleri Woodhouse toad 2.4 x [2]
Caecilidae Dermorphis mexicanus mexicanus Mexican caecilian 2.1 f [2]
Cryptobranchidae Andrias diavidianus Chinese giant salamander 4.2 x [2]
  Andrias japonicus Japanese giant salamander 16.8 x [2]
  Andrias japonicus Japanese giant salamander 55.0 x [7]
  Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Eastern #OOPS#bender 6.0 x [2]
  Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Eastern #OOPS#bender 25.0 x [10]
Dendrobatidae Dendrobates auratus Green and black poison frog 8.3 x [2]
  Dendrobates pumilio Strawberry poison frog 1.8 x [2]
Discoglossidae Bombina bombina Firebelly toad 5.8 m [2]
  Bombina bombina Firebelly toad 20.0 x [7]
  Bombina orientalis Oriental firebelly toad 2.3 x [2]
Hylidae Agalychnis litodryas Pink-sided leaf frog 3.5 x [2]
  Diaglena spatula   7.3 x [2]
  Hyla avivoca Bird-voiced treefrog 2.5 x [2]
  Hyla chrysoscelis Gray treefrog 2.5 m [2]
  Hyla cinerea Green treefrog 6.2 x [2]
  Hyla crepitans Emerald-eyed treefrog 4.9 x [2]
  Hyla femoralis Pine woods treefrog 2.5 m [2]
  Hyla gabbi   2.3 x [2]
  Hyla gratiosa Barking treefrog 7.2 x [2]
  Hyla microcephala Yellow treefrog 2.9 x [2]
  Hyla pellucens Palmar treefrog 3.5 x [2]
  Hyla quinquefasciata   3.5 x [2]
  Hyla rosenbergi Rosenberg?s treefrog 3.5 m [2]
  Hyla septentrionalis   12.9 f [2]
  Hyla vasta Hispaniola treefrog 5.1 m [2]
  Pachymedusa dacnicolor Mexican leaf frog 7.5 f [2]
  Phrynohyas hebes   5.7 x [2]
  Pternohyla fodiens Northern casque-headed frog 5.1 x [2]
  Smilisca baudini baudini Mexican treefrog 5.2 x [2]
  Smilisca phaeota   3.5 x [2]
  Trachycephalus jordani Jordan?s casque-headed treefrog 3.5 x [2]
  Triprion spatulatus reticulatus Shovel-headed treefrog 8.8 x [2]
Hynobiidae Hynobius boulengeri Boulenger?s oriental salamander 5.3 m [2]
Leptodactylidae Ceratophrys calcarata Colombian horned frog 10.8 m [2]
  Ceratophrys cornuta Surinam horned frog 10.3 f [2]
  Ceratophrys ornata Ornate horned frog 11.3 f [2]
  Leptodactylus pentadactylus Tungara frog 15.7 x [2]
  Leptodactylus pentadactylus S. American bullfrog 12.0 x [7]
  Physalaemus pustulosus   7.4 x [2]
Microhylidae Gastrophryne carolinensis Eastern narrow-mouthed toad 6.1 x [2]
  Gastrophryne carolinensis Eastern narrow-mouthed toad 6.0 x [7]
  Kaloula pulchra Malaysian narrowmouth toad 6.0 x [7]
  Koula pulchra   7.9 x [2]
Necturidae Necturus punctatus Dwarf waterdog 4.5 x [2]
Pelobatidae Pelobates fuscus Common Eurasian spadefoot toad 11.0 x [7]
  Scaphiopus couchi Couch spadefoot toad 3.3 x [2]
  Scaphiopus holbrooki holbrooki Eastern spadefoot toad 12.3 x [2]
Pelodryadidae Litoria caerulea White?s treefrog 8.5 x [2]
  Litoria caerulea White?s treefrog 16.0 x [7]
Pipidae Pipa pipa Surinam toad 6.8 x [2]
  Xenopus laevis African clawed frog 8.8 x [2]
  Xenopus laevis African clawed frog 15.0 x [7]
Plethodontidae Bolitoglossa subpalmata La Palma salamander 1.9 x [2]
  Desmognathus aeneus Seepage salamander 4.0 x [2]
  Desmognathus auriculatus Southern dusky salamander 3.8 x [2]
  Desmognathus ochrophaeus Mountain dusky salamander 5.3 x [2]
  Desmognathus quandramaculatus Blackbelly salamander 10.3 x [10]
  Desmognathus welteri Black mountain salamander 5.4 x [2]
  Ensatina eschscholtzi croceater Yellow-blotched salamander 3.3 m [2]
  Ensatina eschscholtzi klauberi Large-blotched salamander 4.3 x [2]
  Ensatina eschscholtzi oregonensis Oregon salamander 4.5 x [2]
  Eurycea longicauda guttolineata Three-lined salamander 5.0 x [2]
  Eurycea longicauda longicauda Long-tailed salamander 4.7 x [2]
  Eurycea wilderae Blue Ridge two-lined salamander 8.0 x [10]
  Gyrinophilus palleucus Tennessee cave salamander 3.9 x [2]
  Gyrinophilus porphyriticus danielsi Blue Ridge spring salamander 2.9 x [2]
  Gyrinophilus porphyriticus porphyriticus Northern spring salamander 4.8 x [2]
  Haideotriton wallacei Georgia blind salamander 1.7 x [2]
  Hemidactylium scutatum Four-toed salamander 5.5 f [2]
  Phaeognathus hubrichti Red Hills salamander 5.1 x [2]
  Plethodon elongatus Del Norte salamander 4.5 x [2]
  Plethodon glutinosus Northern slimy salamander 5.5 x [2]
  Plethodon jordani Jordan?s salamander 5.3 x [2]
  Plethodon longicrus   5.2 x [2]
  Plethodon vehiculum Western red-backed salamander 4.6 x [2]
  Pseudotriton montanus diastictus Midland mud salamander 5.5 x [2]
  Pseudotriton ruber ruber Northern red salamander 5.5 m [2]
  Pseudotriton ruber schencki Blackchin red salamander 5.4 m [2]
  Pseudotriton ruber vioscai Southern red salamander 2.5 x [2]
  Typhloriton spelaeus Grotto salamander 5.3 x [2]
Proteidae Proteus anquinus Olm 3.1 m [2]
  Proteus anquinus Olm 15.0 x [7]
Ranidae Mantella aurantiaca Golden frog 3.7 f [2]
  Rana adspera   8.6 x [2]
  Rana catesbeiana Bullfrog 6.6 m [2]
  Rana catesbeiana Bullfrog 16.0 x [7]
  Rana catesbeiana Bullfrog 8.0 x [10]
  Rana occipitalis   10.9 x [2]
Salamandridae Cynops pyrrhogaster Japanese firebelly newt 25.0 x [7]
  Notophthalmus perstriatus Striped newt 12.9 m [2]
  Notophthalmus viridescens Eastern or red-spotted newt 15.0 x [8]
  Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens Eastern or red-spotted newt 3.1 x [2]
  Pleurodeles walti Spanish ribbed newt 10.3 x [2]
  Salamandra salamandra terrestris European fire salamander 6.0 m [2]
  Triturus alpestris Laureutis alpine salamander 3.1 x [2]
  Triturus cristatus Northern crested newt 4.0 x [2]
  Triturus pyrrhogaster   4.4 x [2]
  Trylototriton verrucosus Crocodile newt 5.3 x [2]
Sirenidae Siren intermedia Eastern lesser siren 6.3 x [2]
  Siren lacertina Greater siren 14.8 f [2]
  Siren lacertina Greater siren 25.0 x [7]
Typholnectidae Typhlonectes compressicauda Cayenne caecilian 4.9 x [2]
Reptilia
Acrochordidae Acrochordus javanicus Java file snake 5.8 x [2]
Agamidae Agama colonorum West African spinous lizard 1.3 x [5]
  Agama hartmanni Hartmann?s Sudan lizard 1.2 x [5]
  Agama mutabilis Egyptian changeable lizard 2.8 x [5]
  Agama pallida Egyptian pale lizard 1.8 x [5]
  Agama savignyi Savigny?s Egyptian judge-of-the-desert 2.5 x [5]
  Agama stellio   2.3 f [2]
  Agama stellio Levant starred lizard 4.1 x [5]
  Amphibolurus barbatus   9.9 m [2]
  Amphibolurus nobbi Nobbi 2.2 f [2]
  Calotes emma East Indian emma lizard 0.7 x [5]
  Calotes versicolor Indian changeable lizard 1.5 x [5]
  Chlamydosaurus kingi Filled dragon 6.3 x [2]
  Hydrosaurus amboinensis   3.5 m [2]
  Leiolepis belliana Butterfly lizard 5.6 f [2]
  Lyriocephalus scutatus Ceylonese knob-nosed lizard 3.5 x [5]
  Physignathus cocincinus Water dragon 2.8 f [2]
  Physignathus leusueri Australian water lizard 4.1 x [5]
  Physignathus leusueri Eastern water dragon 7.5 x [2]
  Physignathus leusueri Eastern water dragon 6.0 x [7]
  Uromastix acanthinurus N. African spiny dabb lizard 11.4 x [5]
  Uromastix aegyptius Egyptian dabb lizard 11.4 x [5]
Alligatoridae Alligator mississippiensis American alligator 47.8 x [2]
  Alligator mississippiensis American alligator 56.0 x [7]
  Alligator mississippiensis American alligator 34.8 f [5]
  Alligator sinensis Chinese alligator 27.1 x [5]
  Alligator sinensis Chinese alligator 38.1 m/f [2]
  Caimen crocodilus Narrow-snouted spectacled caiman 21.9 x [2]
  Caimen latirostris Broad-nosed caiman 22.0 f [2]
  Caiman latirostris S. American broad-snouted caiman 8.3 x [5]
  Caiman palpebrosus Brazilian musky caiman 5.8 x [5]
  Caiman sclerops American rough eyed caiman 3.4 x [5]
  Melanosuchus niger Black caiman 13.1 m [2]
  Paleosuchus palpebrosus Dwarf caiman 2.4 f [2]
  Paleosuchus trigonatus Smooth-fronted caiman 16.3 x [2]
Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena alba Red worm lizard 13.3 f [2]
  Amphisbaena alba American white amphisbaena 1.8 x [5]
  Amphisbaena braziliana Brazilian amphisbaena 1.2 x [5]
  Amphisbaena darwini Darwin?s S. American amphisbaena 0.2 x [5]
  Blanus cinereus Spanish grey amphisbaena 0.7 x [5]
  Lepidosternon microcephalum Brazilian small-headed amphisbaena 0.2 x [5]
  Lepidosternon scutigerum Brazilian shield-bearing amphisbaena 0.9 x [5]
Anguidae Anguis fragilis Slowworm 3.0 x [5]
  Anguis fragilis Slowworm 8.3 x [2]
  Anguis fragilis Slowworm 54.0 x [3] [7]
  Gerrhonotus caeruleus American blue lizard 2.3 x [5]
  Gerrhonotus liocephus infernalis Texas alligator lizard 3.5 x [2]
  Gerrhonotus multicarinatus Southern alligator lizard 5.2 x [2]
  Ophisaurus apodus Armored glass lizard 17.0 x [2]
  Ophisaurus apus Palaearctic Scheltopusik limbless lizard or glass snake 10.7 x [5]
  Ophisaurus koellikeri Koeliker?s glass lizard 9.3 x [2]
  Ophisaurus ventralis Eastern glass lizard 3.8 x [2]
Bipedidae Bipes biporus Mole lizard 3.3 x [2]
Boidae Acrantophis Madagascar boa 8.6 m [2]
  Aspidites melanocephalus Black-headed python 7.2 x [2]
  Boa constrictor amarali Boa constrictor 15.6 x [2]
  Boa constrictor constrictor Common boa constrictor 38.8 f [2]
  Boa constrictor American boa constrictor 13.3 x [5]
  Boa constrictor imperator Albino boa constrictor 29.1 f [2]
  Boa constrictor ortoni Boa constrictor 11.9 m [2]
  Boa madagascariensis Madagascar boa 19.4 x [5]
  Calabaria reinhardti West African ground-python 0.5 x [5]
  Candoia aspera New Guinea viper boa 5.9 f [2]
  Charina bottae bottae Rubber boa 11.4 x [2]
  Chondropython viridis Green tree python 15.1 f [2]
  Corallus annulatus Annulated boa 12.3 x [2]
  Corallus caninus Emerald tree-boa 15.4 f [2]
  Corallus enydris cooki Amazon tree-boa 12.3 f [2]
  Corallus enydris enydris Amazon tree-boa 15.4 x [2]
  Corallus cookii Cook?s American tree-boa 3.3 x [5]
  Corallus madagascariensis Madagascar tree-boa (+) 11.5 x [5]
  Epicrates angulifer Cuban boa 14.3 f [2]
  Epicrates angulifer Cuban pale-headed tree-boa 8.6 x [5]
  Epicrates cenchria cenchria Common rainbow boa 10.3 x [2]
  Epicrates cenchria crassus Rainbow boa 16.9 f [2]
  Epicrates cenchria maurus Rainbow boa 27.3 x [2]
  Epicrates cenchria American thick-necked tree-boa 5.5 x [5]
  Epicrates inornatus West Indian yellow tree-boa 14.4 x [5]
  Epicrates inornatus fordi Puerto Rican boa 7.5 m [2]
  Epicrates striatus fosteri Haitian boa 10.9 f [2]
  Epicratus striatus ssp. Haitian boa 22.1 m [2]
  Epicratus subflavus Jamaica boa 9.8 x [2]
  Eryx colubrinus Kenya sand-boa 10.4 x [2]
  Eryx conicus Rough-scaled sand-boa 14.4 f [2]
  Eryx jaculus Caucasian sand-boa 18.3 f [2]
  Eryx jaculus Egyptian sand-boa (+) 13.5 x [5]
  Eryx johnii John?s Indian sand-boa (+) 13.0 x [5]
  Eryx johnii John?s sand-boa 19.5 x [2]
  Eryx muelleri Mueller?s N. African sand-boa 2.5 x [5]
  Eryx tataricus Tartar sand-boa 8.3 x [2]
  Eryx thebaibus Theban sand-boa 3.1 x [5]
  Eunectes barbouri Barbour?s anaconda 19.5 f [2]
  Eunectes deschauenseei Dark-spotted anaconda 8.3 f [2]
  Eunectes murinus American anaconda 8.0 x [5]
  Eunectes murinus Green anaconda 13.9 x [2]
  Eunectes murinus Green anaconda 29.0 x [7]
  Eunectes notaeus Paraguayan anaconda 3.4 x [5]
  Liasis amethystinus kinghorni   13.8 x [2]
  Liasis childreni   9.8 x [2]
  Liasis fuscus fuscus Common brown water python 10.2 x [2]
  Liasis fuscus ssp. Brown water python 18.7 f [2]
  Liasis mackloti mackloti Macklot?s python 6.3 x [2]
  Lichanura trivirgata roseofusca Coastal rosy boa 18.6 x [2]
  Loxocemus bicolor Mexican burrowing python 32.8 m [2]
  Morelia argus argus   9.3 f [2]
  Morelia argus variegata   12.8 m [2]
  Python curtus curtus Short-tailed python 27.8 f [2]
  Python molurus bivittatus Albino or heterozygous Burmese python 28.3 f [2]
  Python molurus molururs Indian python 34.2 m [2]
  Python molurus Indian python or rock-python 15.8 x [5]
  Python regius African royal python 8.7 x [5]
  Python regius Ball python 30.5 m [2]
  Python reticulatus Reticulate python 25.3 m [2]
  Python reticulatus East Indian reticulated python 21.3 x [5]
  Python sebae African python 27.3 f [2]
  Python sebae African python 18.0 x [5]
  Python spilotes Australian diamond-python 4.3 x [5]
  Sanzinia madagascariensis Madagascar tree-boa 8.0 x [2]
  Tropidophis canus curtus Great Inagua Island dwarf boa 4.0 m [2]
  Tropidophis caymanensis parkeri Cayman Islands dwarf boa 8.7 x [2]
  Ungaliophis continentalis Isthmian dwarf boa 17.7 x [2]
Carettochelyidae Carettochelys insculpta Pignose turtle 17.3 f [2]
Chamaeleonidae Chamaeleo basiliscus N. African basilisk chameleon 1.8 x [5]
  Chamaeleo pumilus   3.4 x [5]
  Chamaeleo chamaeleon Common chameleon 1.0 f [2]
  Chamaeleo jacksoni Jacson?s chameleon 1.0 f [2]
  Chamaeleo melleri Meller?s chameleon 1.0 f [2]
Chelidae Batrachemys dahli   4.9 m [2]
  Batrachemys nasuta   13.5 f [2]
  Chelodina longicollis Common snakeneck turtle 35.1 x [2]
  Chelodina longicollis Common snakeneck turtle 37.0 x [7]
  Chelodina oblonga Narrow-breasted snakeneck turtle 4.4 m [2]
  Chelodina longicollis Australian long-necked terrapin 7.2 x [5]
  Chelus fimbriata S. American matamata terrapin 6.0 x [5]
  Chelus fimbriata   16.2 m [2]
  Emydura latisternum Australian broad-breasted terrapin 5.8 x [5]
  Hydromedusa maximiliani Maximilian?s Brazilian terrapin 11.8 x [5]
  Hydromedusa tectifera S. American snakeneck turtle 8.8 f [2]
  Mesoclemmys gibba   6.3 x [2]
  Phrynops geoffroanus hilairi Geoffrey?s sideneck turtle 34.8 f [2]
  Platemys platycephala Twistneck turtle 19.7 f [2]
  Platemys spixii Spix?s Brazilian terrapin 8.2 x [5]
Cheloniidae Caretta caretta Loggerhead turtle 33.0 x [7]
  Lepidochelys kempi Atlantic ridley 3.6 f [2]
  Hydraspis geoffroyana Geoffroy?s Brazilian terrapin 7.5 x [5]
  Hydraspis hilarii St. Hilaire?s S. American terrapin 13.8 x [5]
Chelydridae Chelydra serpentina N. American alligator terrapin 17.8 x [5]
  Chelydra serpentina rossignoni Snapping turtle 23.2 x [2]
  Chelydra serpentina serpentina Common snapping turtle 38.7 x [2]
  Chelydra serpentina serpentina Common snapping turtle 47.0 x [8]
  Macroclemys temminckii N. American snapping turtle 5.3 x [5]
  Macroclemys temmincki Alligator snapping turtle 58.8 m [2]
  Macroclemys temmincki Alligator snapping turtle 59.0 x [7]
Cinosternidae Cinosternum cruentatum Central American gory mud terrapin 6.8 x [5]
  Cinosternum leucostomum American white-mouthed mud terrapin 17.7 x [5]
  Cinosternum odoratum N. American stink-pot mud terrapin 22.6 x [5]
  Cinosternum pennsylvanicum Pennsylvania mud terrapin 7.1 x [5]
  Cinosternum scorpioides S. American scorpion mud terrapin 8.2 x [5]
Colubridae Ablabophis rufulus S. African rufous snake 4.3 x [5]
  Acrochordus javanicus E. Indian water-elephant snake 4.1 x [5]
  Ahaeteulla tristis   4.3 f [2]
  Alsophis portoricensis Puerto Rican pacer 2.0 x [2]
  Arizona elegans noctivaga Glossy snake 12.2 x [2]
  Arizona elegans occidentalis California glossy snake 10.1 m [2]
  Boaedon fuliginosus   7.0 f [2]
  Boiga blandingi Blanding?s cat snake 8.8 f [2]
  Boiga cynodon Dog-tooth cat snake 9.1 m [2]
  Boiga dendrophila Mangrove snake 13.0 x [2]
  Boiga irregularis Brown tree snake 9.3 m [2]
  Boiga trigonata Indian gamma snake 8.2 x [2]
  Boodon lineatus African lineated snake 3.6 x [5]
  Chilomeniscus cinctus Banded sand snake 4.0 x [2]
  Chrysopelea ornata Golden treesnake 4.3 x [2]
  Clelia clelia Mussarana 11.5 m [2]
  Coelopeltis moilensis Moila snake 0.5 x [5]
  Coelopeltis monspessulana Paearctic montpellier 1.8 x [5]
  Coluber corais couperi American corais snake 3.9 x [5]
  Coluber guttatus N. American corn-snake 3.3 x [5]
  Coluber longissimus European aesculapian snake 3.9 x [5]
  Coluber quatuorlineatus European four-lined snake 4.6 x [5]
  Conophis vittatus vittatus Striped road guarder 2.1 x [2]
  Coronella austriaca European smooth snake 1.3 x [5]
  Coronella getula N. American king snake 3.8 x [5]
  Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Herald snake 2.3 f [2]
  Cyclagras gigas   16.8 f [2]
  Dasypeltis atra African egg-eating snake 5.2 f [2]
  Dasypeltis medici East African egg-eating snake 4.0 f [2]
  Dasypeltis scabra African egg-eating snake 13.6 x [2]
  Dasypeltis scabra African rough-keeled snake 3.8 x [5]
  Dendraspis viridis Tropical African green treesnake 3.8 x [5]
  Dendrophis punctulatus Australian punctulated treesnake 3.1 x [5]
  Dinodon rufozonatum Red barded snake 13.7 f [2]
  Dispholidus typhus Boomslang 8.7 m [2]
  Drymarchon corais corais Common indigo snake 5.1 x [2]
  Drymarchon corais couperi Eastern indigo snake 25.9 x [2]
  Drymarchon corais couperi Eastern indigo snake 25.0 x [7]
  Drymarchon corais melanurus Indigo snake 9.0 f [2]
  Drymarchon corais rubidus Indigo snake 11.6 x [2]
  Drymobius margaritiferus margaritiferus Speckled racer 4.3 f [2]
  Dryophis mycterizans Indian long-snouted treesnake 2.4 x [5]
  Elaphe climacophora Japanese rat snake 12.0 m [2]
  Elaphe flavirufa Yellow-red rat snake 7.8 x [2]
  Elaphe guttata emoryi Great plains rat snake 21.1 x [2]
  Elaphe guttata guttata Corn snake 21.8 x [2]
  Elaphe longissima Aesculapian rat snake 3.2 x [2]
  Elaphe obsoleta bairdi Rat snake 9.4 x [2]
  Elaphe obsoleta lindheimeri Texas rat snake 7.0 x [2]
  Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta Black rat snake 20.1 x [2]
  Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata Yellow rat snake 17.1 m [2]
  Elaphe obsoleta spiloides Gray rat snake 13.9 x [2]
  Elaphe oxycephala   5.4 f [2]
  Elaphe quadrivirgata Japanese four-lined rat snake 16.8 f [2]
  Elaphe quatuorlineata Four-lined rat snake 5.2 x [2]
  Elaphe situla European leopard snake 23.0 x [7]
  Elaphe subocularis Trans-pecos rat snake 13.8 x [2]
  Elaphe taeniura Taipan beauty snake 9.7 x [2]
  Elaphe triaspis intermedia Western green rat snake 9.5 f [2]
  Elaphe vulpina gloydi Eastern fox snake 7.4 f [2]
  Elaps lemniscatus S. American checkered snake 10.0 x [5]
  Enhydris chinensis Chinese water snake 4.2 f [2]
  Farancia abacura reinwardti Western mud snake 18.0 f [2]
  Helicops angulatus S. American angulated snake 3.0 x [5]
  Herpetodryas carinatus American carinated snake 5.4 x [5]
  Herpeton tentaculatum East Indian tentacled snake 2.9 x [5]
  Heterodon nasicus N. American long-nosed snake 5.6 x [5]
  Heterodon nasicus kennerlyi Mexican hognose snake 9.2 x [2]
  Heterodon nasicus nasicus Plains hognose snake 8.2 m [2]
  Heterodon platyrhinos Eastern hognose snake 4.0 m [2]
  Heterodon platyrhinos N. American hognose snake 3.5 x [5]
  Hypsiglena torquata texana Night snake 9.3 x [2]
  Lampropeltis calligaster calligaster Prairie kingsnake 11.0 f [2]
  Lampropeltis getulus californiae California kingsnake 14.7 m [2]
  Lampropeltis getulus floridana Florida kingsnake 12.0 m [2]
  Lampropeltis getulus getulus Common kingsnake 21.4 m [2]
  Lampropeltis getulus holbrooki Speckled kingsnake 14.4 m [2]
  Lampropeltis getulus niger Black kingsnake 13.4 m [2]
  Lampropeltis getulus nigritus Black desert kingsnake 11.1 m [2]
  Lampropeltis getulus splendida Desert kingsnake 12.8 f [2]
  Lampropeltis getulus yumensis   23.3 x [2]
  Lampropeltis pyromelana infrabialis Utah mountain kingsnake 4.4 x [2]
  Lampropeltis pyromelana pyromelana Arizona mountain kingsnake 15.3 f [2]
  Lampropeltis pyromelana woodini Huachuca mountain kingsnake 9.3 m [2]
  Lampropeltis triangulum amaura Louisiana milk snake 20.6 x [2]
  Lampropeltis triangulum annulata Mexican milk snake 20.2 x [2]
  Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides Scarlet kingsnake 13.0 f [2]
  Lampropeltis triangulum syspila Red milk snake 10.0 x [2]
  Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum Milk snake 21.3 x [2]
  Lampropeltis zonata multicincta Sierra mountain kingsnake 16.3 m [2]
  Lampropeltis zonata multifasciata Coast mountain kingsnake 13.4 x [2]
  Lampropeltis zonata parvirubra San Bernadino mountain kingsnake 11.9 x [2]
  Lampropeltis zonata zonata Saint Helena mountain kingsnake 21.2 m [2]
  Leptodeira annulata Banded cat-eyed snake 3.4 x [2]
  Leptodeira annulata American annulated snake 4.9 x [5]
  Leptodeira hotemboeia African rufescent snake 4.3 x [5]
  Leptophis mexicanus Mexican parrot snake 7.7 x [2]
  Lioheterodon madagascariensis Madagascar sharp-nosed snake 3.4 x [5]
  Liophis anomala Strange ground snake 4.8 x [2]
  Lytorhynchus diadema Diademed sand-snake 0.4 x [5]
  Macroprotodon cucullatus Mediteranean hooded snake 5.9 x [5]
  Masticophis flagellum flagellum Coachwhip 16.6 m [2]
  Masticophis flagellum flavigularis   13.4 x [2]
  Masticophis flagellum piceus Red coachwhip 12.1 m [2]
  Masticophis flagellum testaceus Central coachwhip 8.3 x [2]
  Mehelya capensis Lapi file snake 10.9 x [2]
  Naia bungarus Asiatic hamadryad 12.6 x [5]
  Naia flava African yellow cobra 6.0 x [5]
  Naia haie Egyptian cobra 6.3 x [5]
  Naia melanoleuca African black and white cobra 3.8 x [5]
  Naia tripudians Indian cobra (+) 12.0 x [5]
  Natrix fasciata N. American mocassin snake 9.4 x [5]
  Natrix fasciata rhombifer N. American rhombmarked snake 7.6 x [5]
  Natrix natrix Grass snake 9.0 x [4]
  Natrix natrix Palaearctic grass-snake 7.4 x [5]
  Natrix piscator Indian river-snake 9.0 x [5]
  Natrix saurita N. American ribbon-snake 6.6 x [5]
  Natrix septemvittata N. American seven-banded snake 5.5 x [5]
  Natrix sirtalis N. American striped snake 5.8 x [5]
  Natrix tessellata Dice snake 2.3 x [2]
  Natrix tessellata Palaearctic tessellated snake 2.7 x [5]
  Natrix tigrina tigrina   3.1 x [2]
  Natrix viperina European viperine snake 9.2 x [5]
  Oxybelis aeneus Brown vine snake 5.0 x [2]
  Petalognathus nebulatus S. American clouded snake 4.3 x [5]
  Peudaspis cana S. African hoary snake 6.2 x [5]
  Philodryas viridissimus S. American all-green treesnake 4.1 x [5]
  Pituophis melanoleucus N. American pine-snake 4.5 x [5]
  Pituophis melanoleucus affinis   15.0 f [2]
  Pituophis melanoleucus annectens San Diego gopher snake 20.4 m [2]
  Pituophis melanoleucus catenifer Pacific gopher snake 11.0 x [2]
  Pituophis melanoleucus deserticola Great Basin gopher snake 15.8 f [2]
  Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus Gopher snake 20.8 f [2]
  Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus Florida pine snake 13.0 x [2]
  Pituophis melanoleucus sayi Bull snake 22.4 x [2]
  Pituophis sayi N. American bull snake 3.0 x [5]
  Psammophis elegans West African slender snake 1.9 x [5]
  Psammophis schokari Schokari snake 0.9 x [5]
  Psammophis sibilans African hissing snake 10.3 x [5]
  Psammophis subtaeniatus Stripe-belly sand racer 5.8 x [2]
  Pseudaspis cana Mole snake 8.3 m [2]
  Pseudechis porphyriacus Australian purplish death adder 5.8 x [5]
  Ptyas mucosus Oriental rat snake 11.1 m [2]
  Rhadinaea merremii Merrem?s snake 4.3 x [5]
  Rhamphiophis multimaculata S. African many-spotted snake 10.0 x [5]
  Rhamphiophis oxyrhychus Rufous beaked snake 13.3 m [2]
  Rhinocheilus lecontei lecontei Western long-nosed snake 18.3 f [2]
  Rhinocheilus lecontei tessellatus Texas long-nosed snake 16.4 m [2]
  Salvadora hexalepis hexalepis Western patch-nosed snake 14.3 m [2]
  Salvadora mexicana Mexican patch-nosed snake 6.3 x [2]
  Sepedon haemachates S. African ring-hals snake 4.6 x [5]
  Spalerosophis diadema Diademed snake 9.6 f [2]
  Spilotes pullatus Tropical rat snake 13.6 f [2]
  Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata Red-bellied snake 2.2 x [2]
  Tarbophis obtusus African fierce-eyed snake 2.4 x [5]
  Telescopus semiannulatus Eastern tiger snake 7.6 x [2]
  Thamnophis butleri Butler?s garter snake 2.0 x [2]
  Thamnophis couchi hammondi Western aquatic garter snake 7.7 x [2]
  Thamnophis cyrtopsis ocellata Eastern blackneck garter snake 6.0 m [2]
  Thamnophis elegans Mountain garter snake 6.1 x [2]
  Thamnophis marcianus Checkered garter snake 7.2 f [2]
  Thamnophis proximus proximus Western ribbon snake 3.6 x [2]
  Thamnophis radix hayden Western plains garter snake 3.6 m [2]
  Thamnophis sauritus sauritus Eastern ribbon snake 3.9 x [2]
  Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis Common garter snake 10.0 x [2]
  Thrasops jacksoni Jackson?s black treesnake 5.8 x [2]
  Tretanorhinus variabilis lewisi Variable swamp snake 4.3 f [2]
  Trimorphodon fasciolata   4.8 x [2]
  Trimorphodon lambda Sonoran lyre snake 5.3 x [2]
  Trimorphodon vandenburghi California lyre snake 6.0 x [2]
  Uromacer oxyrhynchus Painted snake 12.1 m/f [2]
  Walterinnesia aegyptia Innes Bey?s Egyptian black snake 0.7 x [5]
  Zamenis diadema Clifford?s snake (+) 13.6 x [5]
  Zamenis florulentus Egyptian flowered snake 9.3 x [5]
  Zamenis hippocrepis European horseshoe-snake 6.3 x [5]
  Zamenis mucosus Indian rat snake 11.3 x [5]
  Zamenis ravergieri nummifer Palaearctic tail-lined snake (+) 13.8 x [5]
  Zamenis rogersi Roger?s Egyptian snake 5.7 x [5]
  Zamenis ventrimaculatus West Asian spot-bellied snake 5.8 x [5]
  Zamensis gemonensis asianus Syrian black snake 10.3 x [5]
Cordylidae Cordylus giganteus Giant spinytail lizard 5.3 x [2]
  Cordylus giganteus Giant spinytail lizard 5.0 x [7]
  Cordylus polyzonus African spinytail lizard 9.1 x [2]
  Cordylus warreni Warren?s spinytail lizard 4.3 x [2]
  Gerrhosaurus major Rough-scaled plated lizard 11.1 f [2]
  Gerrhosaurus nigrolineatus auritus Black-lined plated lizard 8.3 x [2]
  Gerrhosaurus validus Giant plated lizard 4.0 x [2]
  Platysaurus guttatus Lesser flat lizard 10.3 m [2]
  Platysaurus intermedius subniger Common flat lizard 3.1 f [2]
  Zonosaurs laticaudatus Western girdled lizard 8.0 x [2]
Crocodylidae Crocodylus porosus Indian estuarine crocodile 8.8 x [5]
  Crocodylus americanus American sharp-nosed crocodile 9.0 x [5]
  Crocodylus cataphractus West African long-nosed crocodile 7.8 x [5]
  Crocodylus niloticus Nile crocodile 15.0 x [5]
  Crocodylus rhombifer Cuban crocodile 12.8 x [5]
  Crocodylus tetraspis West African broad-fronted crocodile 15.0 x [5]
  Crocodylus acutus American crocodile 32.9 f [2]
  Crocodylus cataphractus African slender-snouted crocodile 42.4 m [2]
  Crocodylus intermedius Orinoco crocodile 17.3 m [2]
  Crocodylus moreleti Morelet?s crocodile 25.4 f [2]
  Crocodylus niloticus Nilotic crocodile 18.4 m [2]
  Crocodylus palustris Mugger or marsh crocodile 28.4 x [2]
  Crocodylus porosus Salt-water crocodile 41.7 m [2]
  Crocodylus rhombifer Cuban crocodile 18.3 m/f [2]
  Osteolaemus tetraspis West African dwarf crocodile 42.2 f [2]
  Tomistoma schlegeli False gavial 14.3 f [2]
Dermatemydidae Dermatemys mawii Mawe?s American terrapin 8.1 x [5]
Elapidae Acanthophis antarcticus antarcticus Common death adder 7.2 m/f [2]
  Acanthophis antarcticus laevis Common death adder 6.2 m [2]
  Acanthophis antarcticus pyrrhus Common death adder 3.4 x [2]
  Acanthophis antarcticus rugosus Common death adder 6.2 f [2]
  Aspidelaps scutatus Shieldnose cobra 11.1 x [2]
  Bungarus caeruleus Indian krait 10.5 x [2]
  Bungarus fasciatus Red-headed krait 11.5 x [2]
  Bungarus multicinctus Many-banded krait 9.4 m [2]
  Dendroaspis angusticeps Common mamba 14.3 f [2]
  Dendroaspis jamesoni Jameson?s mamba 9.3 x [2]
  Dendroaspis polylepis Black mamba 10.1 f [2]
  Dendroaspis viridis Green mamba 12.5 x [2]
  Elapsoidea sundevalli Sundevall?s garter snake 8.6 x [2]
  Hemachatus haemachatus Ringneck spitting cobra 11.8 x [2]
  Micrurus affinis affinis   4.4 f [2]
  Micrurus fulvius Eastern coral snake 6.8 x [2]
  Naja haje Egyptian cobra 9.2 m [2]
  Naja melanoleuca Black-lipped cobra 29.1 f [2]
  Naja melanoleuca Black-lipped cobra 29.0 x [7]
  Naja naja atra Indian cobra 11.7 x [2]
  Naja naja kaouthia Indian cobra 12.8 x [2]
  Naja naja naja Indian cobra 17.3 m [2]
  Naja naja samarensis Indian cobra 11.4 x [2]
  Naja naja sputatrix Indian cobra 13.5 x [2]
  Naja naja ssp. Indian cobra 23.9 f [2]
  Naja nigricollis mossambica Blackneck spitting cobra 13.0 m [2]
  Naja nigricollis ssp. Blackneck spitting cobra 22.1 x [2]
  Naja nivea Cape cobra 23.6 x [2]
  Notechis scutatus Mainland tiger snake 14.1 m [2]
  Ophiophagus hannah King cobra 17.1 m [2]
  Pseudechis australis King grown snake 11.1 x [2]
  Pseudechis porphyriacus Red-belly black snake 5.1 x [2]
Emydidae Chinemys megalocephala   7.7 m [2]
  Chinemys reevesi Reeve?s turtle 24.3 x [2]
  Clemmys guttata Spotted turtle 8.3 m [2]
  Clemmys guttata Spotted turtle 26.0 x [8]
  Clemmys guttata Spotted turtle 6.1 x [5]
  Clemmys bealei   27.3 x [2]
  Clemmys caspica rivulata   13.3 m [2]
  Clemmys insculpta Wood turtle 12.5 x [2]
  Clemmys insculpta Wood turtle 60.0 x [8]
  Clemmys leprosa Spanish terrapin 5.1 x [5]
  Clemmys muhlenbergi Muhlenberg?s turtle 13.6 x [2]
  Clemmys mutica   7.1 f [2]
  Deirochelys reticularia Chicken turtle 6.1 f [2]
  Emydoidea blandingii Blanding?s turtle 12.8 x [2]
  Emys blandingii Blanding?s N. American pond tortoise 3.0 x [5]
  Emys orbicularis Swamp turtle or tortoise 11.7 m [2]
  Emys orbicularis European pond tortoise 27.9 x [5]
  Geoclemys hamiltoni Spotted pond turtle 14.3 m [2]
  Graptemys barbouri Barbour?s map turtle 5.8 x [2]
  Graptemys geographica Common map turtle 5.5 x [2]
  Graptemys kohni Mississippi map turtle 19.8 m [2]
  Graptemys oculifera Ringed map turtle 4.7 f [2]
  Graptemys pseudogeographica False map turtle 32.5 x [2]
  Graptemys pulchra Alabama map turtle 15.7 x [2]
  Heiremys annandalii Yellow-headed temple turtle 9.3 f [2]
  Maclemys terrapin Diamondback terrapin 9.3 m [2]
  Notochelys platynota Malayan flatshell turtle 8.4 f [2]
  Ocadia sinensis Chinese stripeneck turtle 12.4 f [2]
  Terrapene carolina bauri Florida box turtle 22.6 x [2]
  Terrapene carolina carolina Eastern box turtle 26.4 m [2]
  Terrapene carolina carolina Eastern box turtle 75.0 x [8]
  Terrapene carolina major Gulf coast box turtle 21.6 x [2]
  Terrapene carolina triunguis Three-toed box turtle 24.3 m [2]
  Terrapene coahuila Coahuilan box turtle 9.4 f [2]
  Terrapene mexicana yucatana   15.4 m [2]
  Terrapene nelson Spotted box turtle 11.8 m [2]
Gavialidae Gavialis gangeticus Indian gavial 27.8 f [2]
Gekkonidae Coleonyx variegatus Western banded gecko 34.8 m [2]
  Eublepharis macularius Leopard gecko 4.9 f [2]
  Gehyra oceanica Oceanic dtella 15.5 m [2]
  Gekko gecko Tokay gecko 10.5 x [2]
  Gekko verticillatus East Indian vericillated gecko 3.1 x [5]
  Gonatodes albogularis fuscus Yellowhead gecko 13.0 x [2]
  Gymnodactylus spyrurus   1.5 m [2]
  Hemidactylus brookii Brook?s gecko 1.1 x [5]
  Hemidactylus turcicus Turkish gecko 2.4 x [5]
  Hoplodactylus pacificus New Zealand gecko 1.9 x [5]
  Hoplodactylus pacificus Pacific sticky-toed gecko 10.7 x [2]
  Oedura marmorata Marbled velvet gecko 2.9 x [2]
  Oedura robusta Robust velvet gecko 8.1 x [2]
  Pachydactylus bibronii Bibron?s thick-toed gecko 4.6 m [2]
  Phelsuma laticauda Golddust day gecko 4.0 m [2]
  Phelsuma lineata Striped day gecko 3.0 x [2]
  Phelsuma madagascariensis Madagascar day gecko 10.0 x [2]
  Phelsuma madagascariensis Madagascar gecko 1.3 x [5]
  Ptychozoon homalocephalum East Indian fringed gecko 1.1 x [5]
  Ptyodactylus hasselquisti Fan-footed gecko 3.4 x [5]
  Stenodactylus petrii Flinders Petrie?s gecko 0.8 x [5]
  Stenodactylus stenodactylus Elegant gecko 0.7 x [5]
  Tarentola annularis Egyptian gecko 8.0 x [5]
  Tarentola delalandii Delalande?s West African gecko 2.4 x [5]
  Tarentola mauretanica Moorish gecko 5.6 x [5]
  Thecadactylus rapicaudus American gecko 0.9 x [5]
  Tropiocolotes steudneri Steudner?s pygmy gecko 1.8 x [5]
  Ptyodactylus hasselquisti Yellow fan-fingered gecko 3.3 m [2]
  Sphaerodactylus notatus notatus Florida reef gecko 1.3 x [2]
  Tarentola mauritanica Common wall gecko 4.1 x [2]
  Tarentola mauritanica Common wall gecko 7.0 x [7]
  Teratoscincus microlepis Small-scaled wonder gecko 3.1 x [2]
  Teratoscincus scincus Common wonder gecko 9.3 m [2]
  Uroplates fimbriatus Madagascar geckoid lizard 1.3 x [5]
Glauconiidae Glauconia cairi Cairo earth-snake 0.2 x [5]
Helodermatidae Heloderma horridum alvarezi Beaded lizard 27.3 m [2]
  Heloderma horridum horridum Beaded lizard 20.2 f [2]
  Heloderma horridum ssp. Mexican beaded lizard 22.8 f [2]
  Heloderma suspectum Arizona poisonous lizard 8.3 x [5]
  Heloderma suspectum Gila monster 20.0 x [7]
  Heloderma suspectum sp. Gila monster 27.8 x [2]
  Heloderma suspectum suspectum Reticulate gila monster 16.4 m [2]
Iguanidae Amblyrhynchus cristatus Marine iguana 6.4 m [2]
  Anolis alligator Barbadian anolis 2.0 x [5]
  Anolis carolinensis Carolinan anolis 1.3 x [5]
  Anolis carolinensis carolinensis Green anole 7.1 m [2]
  Anolis equestris Knight anole 8.3 f [2]
  Anolis lineatopus Jamaica anolis 1.0 x [5]
  Anolis luteogularis White-throated anole 2.8 m [2]
  Anolis stejnegeri stejnegeri   2.9 m [2]
  Basiliscus basiliscus Common basilisk 3.3 x [2]
  Basiliscus plumbifrons Green basilisk 5.1 m [2]
  Basiliscus vittatus Brown basilisk 5.8 x [2]
  Brachylophus fasciatus Dfigi banded iguana 5.9 m [2]
  Conolophus cristatus Smooth helmeted iguana 5.2 x [2]
  Conolophus pallidus Santa Fe land iguana 17.1 f [2]
  Conolophus subcristatus Galapagos land iguana 7.3 m [2]
  Conolophus subcristatus Galapagos land iguana 15.0 x [7]
  Ctenosaura hemilopha Cape spinytail iguana 9.6 x [2]
  Ctenosaura pectinata Mexican spinytail iguana 8.2 m [2]
  Ctenosaura similis Black iguana 4.8 m [2]
  Cyclura cornuta Rhinoceros iguana 16.7 m [2]
  Cyclura figginsi   8.7 x [2]
  Cyclura inornata   5.6 m [2]
  Cyclura macleayi caymanensis   8.7 x [2]
  Cyclura macleayi lewisi   5.6 m [2]
  Cyclura pinguis Anegada ground iguana 3.2 f [2]
  Cyclura rileyi nuchalis White cay ground iguana 5.6 m [2]
  Cyclura rileyi ssp. White cay ground iguana 7.1 x [2]
  Deiroptyx vermiculatus   1.9 m [2]
  Dipsosaurus dorsalis Desert iguana 14.6 m/f [2]
  Iguana delicatissima West Indian iguana 4.4 x [2]
  Iguana delicatissima American naked-necked iguana 1.0 x [5]
  Iguana iguana Green iguana 12.4 f [2]
  Iguana tuberculata American tuberculated iguana 2.3 x [5]
  Iguana tuberculata rhinolopha American nose crested iguana 1.4 x [5]
  Leiocephus carinatus Northern curlytail lizard 10.8 m [2]
  Mariguana agassizi White cay ground iguana 5.2 x [2]
  Metopoceros cornutus West Indian black iguana 4.2 x [5]
  Oplurus cyclurus Merrem?s Madagascar swift 9.3 x [2]
  Phrynosoma douglassi Short-horned lizard 1.0 x [2]
  Phrynosoma orbiculare N. American horned lizard 1.1 x [5]
  Saauromus obesus tumidus Arizona chuckwalla 5.5 x [2]
  Sceloporus cyanogenys   6.7 x [2]
  Sceloporus woodi Florida scrub lizard 1.7 m [2]
  Tropidurus hispidus Brazilian taraguira lizard 1.6 x [5]
  Uma notata notata Colorado desert fringe-toed lizard 8.1 x [2]
Kinosternidae Kinosternon baurii Striped mud turtle 7.6 f [2]
  Kinosternon cruentatus   6.9 m [2]
  Kinosternon flavescens Yellow mud turtle 10.3 x [2]
  Kinosternon herrerai Herrera?s mud turtle 19.5 m [2]
  Kinosternon scorpidoides Scorpian mud turtle 14.0 x [2]
  Kinosternon sonoriensis Sonoran mud turtle 27.8 x [2]
  Kinosternon subrubrum Common mud turtle 40.0 x [4]
  Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis Mud turtle 18.3 x [2]
  Staurotypus salvini Chiapas giant musk turtle 11.7 m [2]
  Staurotypus triporcatus Mexican giant musk turtle 19.8 f [2]
  Sternotherus carinatus Keel-backed musk turtle 13.5 x [2]
  Sternotherus derbianus Lord Derby?s African terrapin 8.4 x [5]
  Sternotherus minor minor Loggerhead musk turtle 23.9 m [2]
  Sternotherus niger African black terrapin 5.8 x [5]
  Sternotherus nigricans Madagascar blackish terrapin 9.2 x [5]
  Sternotherus odoratus Stinkpot 54.8 x [2]
  Sternotherus sinuatus Natal terrapin 8.2 x [5]
Lacertidae Acanthodactylus boskianus Daudin?s fringe-fingered lizard 1.6 x [5]
  Acanthodactylus pardalis Leopard fringe-fingered lizard 1.5 x [5]
  Acanthodactylus scutellatus Scutellated fringe-fingered lizard 2.9 x [5]
  Eremias rubropunctata Red spotted lizard 3.3 x [5]
  Lacerta agilis European sand lizard 1.6 x [5]
  Lacerta dugesi Madeiran sharp-headed lizard 4.8 x [5]
  Lacerta galloti Gallot?s Canary Island lizard 5.6 x [5]
  Lacerta lepida lepida Jeweled lizard 5.3 x [2]
  Lacerta muralis Wall lizard 3.0 x [4]
  Lacerta muralis filfoliensis European wall lizard 2.8 x [5]
  Lacerta ocellata European eyed lizard 7.1 x [5]
  Lacerta simonyi Simony?s Canary Island lizard 5.4 x [5]
  Lacerta viridis European green lizard 3.2 x [5]
Pelomedusidae Pelomedusa galeata African helmeted terrapin 16.8 x [5]
  Pelomedusa subrufa olivacea Helmeted turtle 7.3 f [2]
  Pelomedusa subrufa subrufa Helmeted turtle 16.0 x [2]
  Pelusios adansonii Adanson?s mud turtle 4.7 f [2]
  Pelusios castaneus West African mud turtle 41.0 x [7]
  Pelusios castaneus derbianus West African mud turtle 24.8 f [2]
  Pelusios niger West African black turtle 14.7 f [2]
  Pelusios sinuatus East African serrated mud turtle 6.1 f [2]
  Pelusios subniger East African black mud turtle 29.3 x [2]
  Podocnemis sextuberculata Six-tubercled river turtle 6.1 f [2]
  Podocnemis cayennensis   5.2 x [2]
  Podocnemis expansa S. American river turtle 16.2 f [2]
  Podocnemis unifilis Yellow-spotted river turtle 8.8 m [2]
Platysternidae Platysternon megacephalum Big-headed turtle 15.0 m [2]
Scincidae Acontias meleagris S. African spotted slow skink 3.9 x [5]
  Chalcides ocellatus Ocellated skink 3.7 x [2]
  Chalcides ocellatus Palaearctic eyed skink 8.9 x [5]
  Corucia zebrata Solomon Island skink 2.8 f [2]
  Egernia bungana   8.6 x [2]
  Egernia cunninghami Cunningham?s skink 10.4 x [2]
  Egernia cunninghami Cunningham?s Australian skink 19.9 x [5]
  Egernia cunninghami Cunningham?s skink 20.0 X [7]
  Egernia hosmeri Hosmer?s skink 3.3 x [2]
  Egernia major Land mullet 10.8 x [2]
  Egernia stokesii Stoke?s Australian skink 3.0 x [5]
  Egernia striolatus Australian striolated skink 3.3 x [5]
  Egernia whitei White?s Australian skink 3.2 x [5]
  Eumeces algeriensis   9.0 x [2]
  Eumeces algeriensis Algerian skink 3.8 x [5]
  Eumeces laticeps Broadhead skink 7.7 f [2]
  Eumeces obsoletus Great Plains skink 6.2 x [2]
  Eumeces schneideri Schneider?s skink 9.3 m [2]
  Eumeces schneideri Gold skink 7.5 x [5]
  Lygosoma cauarinae   5.3 x [2]
  Lygosoma decresiense Australian descresian skink 2.4 x [5]
  Lygosoma labillardierii Labillarier?s Australian skink 2.0 x [5]
  Lygosoma lesueurii Lesueur?s Australian skink 8.9 x [5]
  Lygosoma lineo-ocellatum New Zealand skink 2.3 x [5]
  Lygosoma quoyi Quoy?s Australian skink 3.0 x [5]
  Macroscincus cocteauii Cocteau?s Cape Verde Is. skink 8.9 x [5]
  Ophiomorus tridactylus Three-toad snake skink 5.8 x [2]
  Riopa fernandi   1.5 x [2]
  Tiliqua gigas Great moluccan skink 9.8 x [5]
  Tiliqua nigrolutea Australian black and yellow skink 11.5 x [5]
  Tiliqua scincoides Eastern blue tongue skink 9.0 f [2]
  Tiliqua scincoides Australian blue-tongued lizard 14.3 x [5]
  Trachydosaurus rugosus   14.5 x [2]
  Trachysaurus rugosus Australian stump-tailed skink 7.1 x [5]
Sphenodontidae Sphenodon punctatus Tuatara 7.0 m [2]
  Sphenodon punctatus New Zealand tuatara 11.7 x [5]
  Sphenodon punctatus Tuatara 35.0 x [4]
  Sphenodon punctatus Tuatara 50.0 x [3]
  Sphenodon punctatus Tuatara 77.0 x [7]
Teiidae Ameiva ameiva Giant ameiva 2.8 m [2]
  Cnemidophorus neomexicanus New Mexico whiptail 3.2 f [2]
  Cnemidophorus tigris Western whiptail 7.8 x [10]
  Dracaena guianensis Guyana caiman lizard 9.3 f [2]
  Tupinambis nigropunctatus   11.9 m [2]
  Tupinambis nigropunctatus S. American black-pointed tegu lizard 5.3 x [5]
  Tupinambis rufescens Red tegu 10.6 m [2]
  Tupinambis rufescens S. American red tegu lizard 7.3 x [5]
  Tupinambis teguexin S. American tegu lizard 12.9 x [5]
  Tupinambis teguixin Black tegu 13.0 x [2]
  Tupinambis teguixin Black tegu 7.6 x [2]
Testudinidae Batagur baska Indian batagur terrapin 9.2 x [5]
  Batagur baska River terrapin 6.1 f [2]
  Chrysemys concinna suwanniensis   40.7 m [2]
  Chrysemys floridana   12.5 x [2]
  Chrysemys nelsoni   15.8 x [2]
  Chrysemys ornata Central American adorned terrapin 14.3 x [5]
  Chrysemys picta Painted turtle 30.0 x [9] [10]
  Chrysemys picta dorsalis Southern painted turtle 16.6 x [2]
  Chrysemys picta marginata Midland painted turtle 16.2 f [2]
  Chrysemys picta picta Eastern painted turtle 14.0 f [2]
  Chrysemys rubriventris   4.3 f [2]
  Chrysemys scripta elegans   30.5 x [2]
  Chrysemys scripta N. American serrated terrapin 6.8 x [5]
  Chrysemys scripta elegans N. American elegant terrapin 5.9 x [5]
  Chrysemys scripta rugosa N. American wrinkled terrapin 12.4 x [5]
  Chrysemys scripta hiltoni   25.3 x [2]
  Chrysemys scripta scripta   8.6 f [2]
  Chrysemys stejnegeri granti   8.1 f [2]
  Cinixys belliana African tortoise 10.8 x [5]
  Cistudo carolina N. American box tortoise 35.0 x [5]
  Cuora amboinensis Southeast Asian box turtle 38.2 x [2]
  Cuora trifasciatta Chinese three-striped box turtle 9.6 m [2]
  Cyclemus amboinensis Amboina box tortoise 19.1 x [5]
  Cyclemus dhor Oldham?s East Indian terrapin 9.1 x [5]
  Cyclemus platynota East Indian flat-backed terrapin 11.8 x [5]
  Cyclemus trifasciata Chinese trifasciated terrapin 10.8 x [5]
  Geochelone carbonaria Redfoot tortoise 13.8 f [2]
  Geochelone chilensis Chaco tortoise 19.8 f [2]
  Geochelone denticulata S. American yellowfoot tortoise 14.1 m [2]
  Geochelone elegans Indian star tortoise 14.1 f [2]
  Geochelone elephantopus   47.6 m [2]
  Geochelone gigantea Aldabra tortoise 37.3 x [2]
  Geochelone gigantea Aldabra tortoise 152.0 x [3] [7]
  Geochelone gigantea Aldabra tortoise 70.0 x [1] [10]
  Geochelone pardalis Leopard tortoise 7.3 f [2]
  Geochelone radiata Radiated tortoise 12.8 m/f [2]
  Geochelone travancorica   11.8 f [2]
  Geoclemys reevesii Reeve?s Chinese terrapin 23.5 x [5]
  Geoemyda grandis   20.4 x [2]
  Geoemyda pulcherrima pulcherrima   20.4 m [2]
  Geoemyda rubida   11.8 x [2]
  Geoemyda spinosa East Indian spinous terrapin 3.2 x [5]
  Geoemyda spinosa   9.3 x [2]
  Geoemyda trijuga   40.0 x [2]
  Gopherus agassizi Desert tortoise 2.8 f [2]
  Gopherus berlandieri Texas tortoise 4.4 m [2]
  Gopherus flavomarginata Bolson tortoise 4.8 f [2]
  Gopherus polyphemus Gopher tortoise 8.5 x [2]
  Homopus areolatus Beaked cape tortoise 7.3 f [2]
  Homopus areolatus African tortoise 3.1 x [5]
  Kachuga dhongoka Indian dhongoka terrapin 6.8 x [5]
  Kachuga smithii Brown roofed turtle 9.8 m [2]
  Kachuga tecta tentoria Indian roof turtle 11.0 f [2]
  Kachuga tecta Indian roofed terrapin 3.3 x [5]
  Kinixys belliana belliana Bell?s hingeback tortoise 14.4 x [2]
  Kinixys erosa Serrated hingeback tortoise 10.3 m [2]
  Malacochersus tornieri African pancake tortoise 7.3 x [2]
  Nicoria punctularia S. American rough terrapin 5.8 x [5]
  Nicoria trijuga Ceylonese terrapin 12.8 x [5]
  Testudo angulata S. African angulated tortoise 11.8 x [5]
  Testudo elongata Burmese tortoise 11.8 x [5]
  Testudo emys East Indian upland tortoise 11.9 x [5]
  Testudo graeca Mediteranean spur-thighed tortoise 4.7 x [2]
  Testudo hermanni Heermann?s tortoise 8.3 f [2]
  Testudo microphyes Galapagos albemarle tortoise 16.5 x [5]
  Testudo pardalis African leopard tortoise 10.1 x [5]
  Testudo radiata Madagascar radiated tortoise 9.8 x [5]
  Testudo tabulata Brazilian tortoise 16.2 x [5]
Trionychidae Cyclanorbis senegalensis Senegal soft turtle 6.4 x [5]
  Lissemys punctata Indian flapshell turtle 12.8 x [2]
  Pelochelys bibroni Asian giant softshell 10.1 x [2]
  Trionyx cartilagineus   7.3 m [2]
  Trionyx gangeticus Ganges soft turtle 14.0 x [5]
  Trionyx spinifer N. American spinous soft turtle 10.6 x [5]
  Trionyx spiniferus spiniferus Spiny softshell 16.8 x [2]
  Trionyx triunguis African softshell 25.2 m [2]
  Trionyx triunguis African softshell 25.0 x [7]
Typhlopidae Typhlops delalandii Delalande?s ground snake 0.8 x [5]
  Typhlops punctatus Punctuated ground snake 0.3 x [5]
Varanidae Lanthanotus borneensis Borneo earless monitor 6.9 x [2]
  Varanus acanthurus brachyurus Ridgetail monitor 10.0 f [2]
  Varanus bengalensis Bengal monitor 10.0 x [2]
  Varanus flavescens Yellow monitor 4.5 m [2]
  Varanus flavescens Indian yellowish waral lizard 4.8 x [5]
  Varanus giganteus Perentie 5.9 x [2]
  Varanus gouldi Sand monitor 7.8 x [2]
  Varanus gouldi Gould?s Australian waral lizard 6.8 x [5]
  Varanus griseus Desert monitor 4.5 m [2]
  Varanus griseus Desert waral lizard 9.3 x [5]
  Varanus komodoensis Komodo dragon 8.9 f [2]
  Varanus mertensi Merten?s water monitor 6.6 x [2]
  Varanus mitchelli Mitchell?s water monitor 6.6 x [2]
  Varanus niloticus Nile monitor 6.6 x [2]
  Varanus niloticus Nile waral lizard 6.4 x [5]
  Varanus niloticus Nile waral lizard 5.5 m [5]
  Varanus salavator Crocodile monitor 12.3 m [2]
  Varanus salvator East Indian great water lizard 10.6 x [5]
  Varanus spenceri Spencer?s monitor 4.3 x [2]
  Varanus timorensis Spotted tree monitor 6.8 x [2]
  Varanus tristis Arid monitor 8.3 x [2]
  Varanus varius Lace monitor 9.5 m [2]
  Varanus varius Australian lace lizard 6.8 x [5]
  Varanus varius Lace monitor 7.0 x [7]
Viperidae Agkistrodon acutus   7.5 m [2]
  Agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus Cantil 24.3 x [2]
  Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix Northern copperhead 14.5 m [2]
  Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus Broad-banded copperhead 21.5 m [2]
  Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen Northern copperhead 29.8 f [2]
  Agkistrodon controtrix pictigaster Trans-pecos copperhead 20.4 m [2]
  Agkistrodon halys blomhoffi Siberian pit viper 6.2 f [2]
  Agkistrodon halys brevicaudus Siberian pit viper 12.5 m [2]
  Agkistrodon hypnale   7.3 x [2]
  Agkistrodon piscivorus Water moccasin 21.0 x [7]
  Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti Florida cotton-mouth 15.7 x [2]
  Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma Western cotton-mouth 16.5 m [2]
  Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus Eastern cotton-mouth 13.1 m [2]
  Agkistrodon piscivorus ssp. Cotton-mouth 18.9 x [2]
  Agkistrodon rhodostoma   5.8 f [2]
  Atheris squamiger Rough-scaled bush viper 4.5 x [2]
  Atractaspis bibronii Bibron?s mole viper 8.9 x [2]
  Bitis arietans arietans Puff adder 15.8 m [2]
  Bitis caudalis Horned puff adder 5.3 x [2]
  Bitis gabonica gabonica Gaboon viper 10.8 m [2]
  Bitis gabonica rhinoceros Gaboon viper 13.3 f [2]
  Bitis nasicornis Rhinoceros viper 8.3 f [2]
  Bothrops atrox asper Common lancehead 20.2 x [2]
  Bothrops atrox atrox Common lancehead 8.5 x [2]
  Bothrops godmani   7.4 x [2]
  Bothrops jararaca Jararaca 6.5 x [2]
  Causus rhombeatus Cape viper 6.6 x [5]
  Cerastes cerastes Horned viper 17.0 f [2]
  Cerastes vipera Common sand viper 6.0 x [2]
  Crotalus adamanteus Eastern diamondback rattlesnake 22.8 x [2]
  Crotalus atrox Western diamondback rattlesnake 25.8 f [2]
  Crotalus atrox Western diamondback rattlesnake 22.0 x [7]
  Crotalus basiliscus basiliscus Mexican West-Coast rattlesnake 12.8 f [2]
  Crotalus catalinensis Santa Catalina Island rattlesnake 10.3 f [2]
  Crotalus cerastes cerastes Mojave Desert sidewinder 8.1 m [2]
  Crotalus cerastes cercobombus Sonoran sidewinder 10.7 m [2]
  Crotalus cerastes laterorepens Colorado Desert sidewinder 13.8 x [2]
  Crotalus durissus durissus Neotropical rattlesnake 12.0 x [2]
  Crotalus durissus terrificus Neotropical rattlesnake 13.4 x [2]
  Crotalus enyo enyo Baja California rattlesnake 17.1 x [2]
  Crotalus horridus Timber rattlesnake 30.2 m [2]
  Crotalus lepidus klauberi New Mexico banded rock rattlesnake 23.3 x [2]
  Crotalus lepidus lepidus Mottled rock rattlesnake 17.9 x [2]
  Crotalus lepidus maculosus Rock rattlesnake 7.2 m [2]
  Crotalus mitchelli pyrrhus Southwestern speckled rattlesnake 15.5 f [2]
  Crotalus mitchelli stephensi Panamint rattlesnake 12.4 f [2]
  Crotalus molossus molossus Northern black-tailed rattlesnake 15.5 m [2]
  Crotalus molossus nigrescens   11.2 x [2]
  Crotalus polystictus Mexican lancehead rattlesnake 5.7 m [2]
  Crotalus pricei miquihuanus Twin-spotted rattlesnake 5.1 m [2]
  Crotalus pricei pricei Twin-spotted rattlesnake 3.5 m [2]
  Crotalus pusillus Tancitanan dusky rattlesnake 5.7 x [2]
  Crotalus ruber ruber Northern red rattlesnake 14.4 m [2]
  Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus Mojave rattlesnake 13.0 f [2]
  Crotalus tigris Tiger rattlesnake 15.3 m [2]
  Crotalus tortugensis Tortuga Island rattlesnake 18.3 m [2]
  Crotalus triseriatus triseriatus Mexican dusky rattlesnake 7.0 f [2]
  Crotalus unicolor Arulon Island rattlesnake 14.8 x [2]
  Crotalus viridis cerberus Arizona black rattlesnake 12.4 x [2]
  Crotalus viridis #OOPS#eri Southern Pacific rattlesnake 19.4 m [2]
  Crotalus viridis lutosus Great Basin rattlesnake 17.1 m [2]
  Crotalus viridis nuntius Hopi rattlesnake 6.2 m [2]
  Crotalus viridis oreganus Northern Pacific rattlesnake 11.0 x [2]
  Crotalus viridis viridis Prairie rattlesnake 19.3 m [2]
  Crotalus willardi willardi Arizona ridge-nosed rattlesnake 21.3 f [2]
  Echis carinatus Saw-scaled viper 11.8 f [2]
  Echis coloratus Palestine saw-scaled viper 11.8 f [2]
  Eristocophis macmahonii McMahon?s viper 9.3 m [2]
  Lachesis muta stenophrys Bushmaster 8.5 x [2]
  Pelamis platurus Yellow-bellied sea snake 2.1 f [2]
  Sistrurus catenatus catenatus Massasauga 9.9 f [2]
  Sistrurus catenatus ssp Massasauga 14.0 x [2]
  Sistrurus catenatus tergeminus Western massasauga 12.8 x [2]
  Sistrurus miliarius barbouri Dusky pygmy rattlesnake 15.1 m [2]
  Sistrurus miliarius miliarius Carolina pygmy rattlesnake 7.2 x [2]
  Sistrurus miliarius streckeri Western pygmy rattlesnake 6.6 x [2]
  Sistrurus ravus Mexican pygmy rattlesnake 10.0 m [2]
  Trimeresurus albolabris White-lipped tree viper 9.3 f [2]
  Trimeresurus elegans Elegant pit viper 10.3 x [2]
  Trimeresurus flavoviridis flavoviridis Yellow-spotted pit viper 8.9 x [2]
  Trimeresurus gramineus Indian green tree viper 6.2 x [2]
  Trimeresurus monticola   3.9 m [2]
  Trimeresurus okinavensis   10.8 x [2]
  Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus Mangrove viper 8.9 x [2]
  Trimeresurus steonegeri Chinese green tree viper 7.0 x [2]
  Trimeresurus trigonocephus Ceylon pit viper 5.2 x [2]
  Trimeresurus wagleri   5.8 f [2]
  Ttimeresurus popeorum Pope?s tree viper 6.7 x [2]
  Vipera ammodytes Long-nosed viper 22.0 x [7]
  Vipera ammodytes ammodytes Long-nosed viper 9.3 m [2]
  Vipera ammodytes montandoni Sand viper 8.8 x [2]
  Vipera ammodytes ssp. Sand viper 7.1 x [2]
  Vipera aspis Asp viper 7.8 m [2]
  Vipera aspis European asp-viper 3.9 x [5]
  Vipera berus Northern palaearctic viper 2.1 x [5]
  Vipera latasti Iataste?s viper 5.5 f [2]
  Vipera lebetina obtusa Bluntnose viper 10.1 m [2]
  Vipera lebetina schwezeri Bluntnose viper 11.3 x [2]
  Vipera lebetina ssp. Bluntnose viper 11.3 x [2]
  Vipera lebetina turanica Bluntnose viper 5.1 x [2]
  Vipera russelli russellii Russell?s viper 13.3 x [2]
  Vipera russelli ssp. Russell?s viper 11.6 m [2]
  Vipera santhina raddei   6.1 m [2]
  Vipera xanthina palestinae Coastal viper 10.1 m [2]
  Walterinnesia aegyptia Black desert cobra 6.7 m [2]
Xantusiidae Klauberina riversiana Island night lizard 5.3 m [2]
  Lepidophyma flavimaculatum flavimaculata Yellow-spotted night lizard 9.9 f [2]
  Xantusia vigilis Desert night lizard 3.8 x [2]
Xenopeltidae Xenopeltis unicolor   9.3 x [2]
Zonuridae Pseudocordylus microlepidotus S. African smooth-backed lizard 2.8 x [5]
  Zonurus cordylus S. African rough-scaled girdled lizard 3.5 x [5]
  Zonurus giganteus S. African derbian girdled lizard 4.5 x [5]

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