Mammal Longevity Records

Longevity Records
Life Spans of Mammals, Birds, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Fish; James R. Carey and Debra S. Judge; Odense University Press, ISBN 87-7838-539-3

Mammals

Table 1. Record Life Spans (years) of Mammals

((+) indicates that individual was still alive at the time that life span was recorded)

 

Order/Family Genus/Species Common Name Wild Capt. M/F Reference
 
Artiodactyla
Antilocapridae Antilocapra americana Pronghorn 10.0   x [100]
  Antilocapra americana Pronghorn   11.8 x [143]
  Antilocapra americana Pronghorn 10.0 12.0 x [192]
Bovidae Addax nasomaculatus Addax   19.0 x [100]
  Addax nasomaculatus Addax   25.3 x [143]
  Aepyceros melampus Impala 15.0   x [100]
  Aepyceros melampus Impala (+) 13.0 17.4 x [134] [143]
[155]
  Alcelaphus buselaphus Hartebeest   19.0 x [100]
  Alcelaphus buselaphus Hartebeest 20.0   x [181] [292]
  Ammotragus lervia Barbary sheep 10.0 20.0 x [100]
  Ammotragus lervia Barbary sheep   20.9 x [143]
  Antidorcas marsupialis Springbok 20.0   x [100]
  Antidorcas marsupialis Springbok   19.0 x [143]
  Antilope cervicapra Blackbuck 15.0   x [100]
  Antilope cervicapra Blackbuck (+) 18.0   f [251]
  Bison bison American bison 33.0   x [21]
  Bison bison American bison 25.0   x [100]
  Bison bonasus European bison 27.0   x [100]
  Bison spp. Bison 20.0 40.0 x [10] [101]
[112] [167]
[188] [200]
  Bos gaurus Seladang   26.2 x [143]
  Bos grunniens Yak 25.0   f [101]
  Bos taurus Domestic cattle (+)   20.0 x [229]
  Boselaphus tragocamelus Nilgai   21.0 x [100]
  Boselaphus tragocamelus Nilgai   21.7 x [143]
  Bubalus arnee Wild water buffalo 25.0   x [100]
  Bubalus depressicornis Lowland anoa 30.0   x [100]
  Bubalus mindorensis Asian water buffalo   28.0 x [101] [243]
  Budorcas taxicolor Takin   15.8 x [143]
  Capra aegagrus Wild goat 12.0   x [100]
  Capra cylindricornis East Caucasian tur 22.0   x [229]
  Capra falconeri Markhor 13.0   x [100]
  Capra falconeri Markhor 12.0   x [229]
  Capra hircus domesticus Domestic goat 20.8   x [21]
  Capra ibex Ibex   22.3 x [143]
  Capra ibex cylindricornis East Caucasian tur 12.0   x [100]
  Capra ibex ibex Alpine ibex 14.0   x [100]
  Capra ibex nubiana Nubian ibex   17.0 x [100]
  Capra ibex sibirica Asiatic ibex 16.0   x [100]
  Capra pyrenaica Spanish ibex 16.0   x [100]
  Capricornis crispus Serow (+)   10.0 x [176] [306]
[310] [335]
  Capricornis sumatraensis Serow   21.0 x [100]
  Cephalophus monticola Blue duiker 12.0   x [100]
  Cephalophus nigrifrons Duiker   19.7 x [143]
  Connochaetes gnou Black wildebeest   20.0 x [100]
  Connochaetes taurinus Brindled wildebeest   20.0 x [100]
  Connochaetes taurinus Wildebeest   21.5 x [143]
  Damaliscus dorcas Sassaby 21.4   x [143]
  Damaliscus dorcas dorcas Bontebok   17.0 x [100]
  Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi Blesbok   17.0 x [100]
  Gazella dorcas Dorcas gazelle 12.5   x [100]
  Gazella dorcas Dorcas gazelle   17.1 x [143]
  Gazella gazella Mountain gazelle 12.0   x [100]
  Gazella leptoceros Slender-horned gazelle 14.0   x [100]
  Gazella soemmeringi Soemmering?s gazelle 14.0   x [100]
  Gazella subgutturosa Persian gazelle 12.0   x [100]
  Gazella thomsoni Thomson?s gazelle 10.5   x [100]
  Hemitragus hylocrius Nilgiri tahr 9.0   x [100]
  Hemitragus jayakari Arabian tahr 14.0   x [100]
  Hemitragus jemlahicus Himalayan tahr 10.0   x [100]
  Hemitragus jemlahicus Himalayan tahr   21.8 x [143]
  Hippotragus equinus Roan antelope   17.0 x [100]
  Hippotragus niger Sable antelope   17.0 x [100]
  Hippotragus niger Sable antelope   19.8 x [143]
  Kobus ellipsiprymnus Waterbuck   18.0 x [100]
  Kobus ellipsiprymnus Waterbuck   18.7 x [143]
  Kobus ellipsiprymnus Waterbuck 18.5   f [299]
  Kobus kob Kob   17.0 x [100]
  Kobus leche Lechwe waterbuck 15.0   x [100]
  Kobus megaceros Mrs. Gray?s waterbuck 10.0   x [100]
  Litocranius walleri Gerenuk 12.0   x [100]
  Litocranius walleri Gerenuk (+) 8.0 13.0 x [178] [179]
  Madoqua (= Rhynchotragus) kirki Kirk?s dik-dik 10.0   x [52] [114]
[152]
  Madoqua (= Rhynchotragus) kirki Kirk?s dik-dik   10.0 x [100]
  Nemorhaedus goral Goral 15.0   x [100]
  Nemorhaedus spp. Goral   17.6 x [143]
  Neotragus moschatus Suni   9.0 x [100]
  Neotragus moschatus Suni   10.2 x [143]
  Neotragus pygmaeus Royal antelope   6.0 x [100]
  Oreamnos americanus Mountain goat 18.0   x [100]
  Oreamnos americanus Mountain goat 14.0   m [229]
  Oreamnos americanus Mountain goat 18.0   f [229]
  Oreotragus oreotragus Klipspringer   15.0 x [100]
  Oreotragus oreotragus Klipspringer   12.1 x [143]
  Oryx gazella S. African oryx antelope   20.0 x [100]
  Oryx spp. Oryx 20.0   x [229]
  Ourebia ourebi Oribi   14.0 x [100] [161]
  Ovibos moschatus Muskox 24.0   x [4] [100]
  Ovis ammon Argali 13.0   x [100]
  Ovis canadensis American bighorn sheep 24.0   x [192]
  Ovis orientalis Asiatic mouflon 13.0   x [100]
  Ovis orientalis Urial 6.0   x [192]
  Ovis spp. Sheep 20.0   m [88]
  Ovis spp. Sheep 24.0   f [88]
  Pelea capreolus Rhebok 10.0   x [101]
  Procapra gutturosa Central Asian gazelle   7.0 x [143]
  Pseudois nayaur Bharal   15.0 x [100]
  Pseudois nayaur Bharal 24.0   x [192]
  Pseudois spp. Bharal   20.3 x [143]
  Redunca arundinum Southern reedbuck   10.0 x [100]
  Redunca fulvorufula Mountain reedbuck 12.0   x [100]
  Redunca redunca Bohor reedbuck   10.0 x [100]
  Redunca redunca Bohor reedbuck   18.0 x [143]
  Rupicapra rupicapra Chamois 20.0   x [100]
  Rupricapra spp. Chamois 22.0   x [229]
  Saiga tatarica Saiga antelope 10.0   x [100]
  Saiga tatarica Saiga antelope 12.0   x [229]
  Sylvicapra grimmia Gray duiker   12.0 x [100]
  Sylvicapra grimmia Gray duiker   14.3 x [143]
  Syncerus caffer African buffalo 29.5   x [21]
  Syncerus caffer African buffalo 26.0 16.0 x [100]
  Syncerus caffer African buffalo 18.0 29.5 x [143]
  Taurotragus oryx Eland   23.6 f [311]
  Tetracerus quadricornis Four-horned antelope 10.0   x [100]
  Tetracerus quadricornis Four-horned antelope   10.0 x [143]
  Tragelaphus angasi Nyala 16.0   x [100]
  Tragelaphus euryceros Bongo 19.0   x [100]
  Tragelaphus euryceros Bongo   19.4 f [252]
  Tragelaphus imberbis Lesser kudu (+) 15.0   x [100]
  Tragelaphus imberbis Lesser kudu (+) 10.0 15.0 x [177] [180]
  Tragelaphus oryx Eland antelope 25.0   x [100]
  Tragelaphus spekei Sitatunga 20.0   x [161]
  Tragelaphus spekei Sitatunga 19.0   x [100]
  Tragelaphus strepsiceros Greater kudu   23.0 x [100]
  Tragelaphus strepsiceros Greater kudu   20.8 x [143]
Camelidae Camelus dromedarius Dromedary, one-humped camel 40.0   x [100]
  Camelus ferus Bactrian camel (+) 35.0   x [21]
  Camelus ferus Bactrian, two-humped camel 40.0   x [100]
  Camelus spp. Camel   50.0 x [87]
  Lama guanicoe Guanaco 20.0   x [100]
  Lama guanicoe Guanaco   28.3 x [143]
  Lama guanicoe f. glama Llama 20.0   x [100]
  Vicugna vicugna Vicuna 20.0   x [100]
  Vicugna vicugna Vicuna   24.8 x [78] [79]
[277]
Cervidae Alces alces Moose (+) 16.0   x [100]
  Alces alces Moose 27.0   x [241]
  Axis axis Axis deer   15.0 x [100]
  Axis axis Axis deer   20.8 x [143]
  Axis porcinus Hog deer   20.0 x [100]
  Capreolus capreolus Roe deer 15.0   x [100]
  Capreolus spp. Roe deer 17.0   x [229]
  Cervus elaphus Red deer 26.8   x [21]
  Cervus elaphus Red deer 20.0   x [100]
  Cervus elaphus Red deer   24.7 x [143]
  Cervus eldi Brow-antlered deer   19.4 f [246]
  Cervus (Przewalskium) albirostris Thorold?s deer 18.0   x [100]
  Dama dama Fallow deer (+)   20.0 x [72]
  Dama dama Fallow deer 25.0   x [100]
  Elaphurus davidianus Pere David?s deer 18.0   x [100]
  Elaphurus davidianus Pere David?s deer 23.3   x [144]
  Hippocamelus antisensis Guemals   10.6 x [143]
  Hydropotes inermis Chinese water deer 12.0   x [100]
  Hydropotes inermis Chinese water deer (+)   11.5 x [143]
  Mazama americana Red brocket 12.0   x [100]
  Mazama americana Red brocket   13.8 x [143]
  Mazama gouazoubira Brown brocket 12.0   x [100]
  Moschus spp. Musk deer   20.0 x [95]
  Muntiacus muntjak Indian muntjac (+)   17.0 x [100]
  Muntiacus muntjak Indian muntjac (+)   17.6 x [143]
  Odocoileus virginianus White-tailed deer 10.0 16.0 x [100]
  Odocoileus virginianus White-tailed deer   23.0 x [312]
  Pudu mephistopheles Northern pudu 10.0   x [100]
  Pudu pudu Southern pudu   12.5 x [143]
  Pudu pudu Southern pudu 10.0   x [100]
  Rangifer tarandus Caribou 15.0 20.2 x [10] [16]
[143] [273]
  Rangifer tarandus Caribou (+) 8.0   m [100]
  Rangifer tarandus Caribou (+) 10.0   f [100]
Giraffidae Giraffa camelopardalis Giraffe 36.3   x [21]
  Giraffa camelopardalis Giraffe 26.0   f [49]
  Giraffa camelopardalis Giraffe 25.0 28.0 x [100] [192]
  Giraffa camelopardalis Giraffe   36.2 x [143]
  Okapia johnstoni Okapi (+)   30.0 x [100]
  Okapia johnstoni Okapi   33.0 x [143]
  Okapia johnstoni Okapi   15.0 x [192]
Hippopotamidae Choeropsis liberiensis Pygmy hippopotamus 42.0   x [100]
  Choeropsis liberiensis Pygmy hippopotamus   43.8 x [143]
  Choeropsis liberiensis Pygmy hippopotamus 35.0 42.0 x [192]
  Hippopotamus amphibius Hippopotamus 54.5   x [21]
  Hippopotamus amphibius Hippopotamus 50.0 40.0 x [100]
  Hippopotamus amphibius Hippopotamus   54.3 x [143]
  Hippopotamus amphibius Hippopotamus 45.0 49.0 x [192]
Suidae Babyrousa babyrussa Babirusa   24.0 x [24] [54]
[101]
  Babyrousa babyrussa Babirusa 24.0   x [100] [192]
  Hylochoerus meinertzhageni Giant forest hog   3.0 x [100]
  Phacochoerus aethiopicus Wart hog 18.8   x [100]
  Phacochoerus aethiopicus Wart hog   18.8 x [143]
  Phacochoerus aethiopicus Wart hog 15.0   x [192]
  Potamochoerus porcus Bush pig 20.0   x [100]
  Potamochoerus porcus Bush pig   20.0 x [143]
  Potamochoerus porcus Bush pig 15.0   x [192]
  Sus salvanius Pygmy hog 7.5   x [100]
  Sus salvanius Pygmy hog 12.0   x [192]
  Sus scrofa Wild boar 21.0   x [100]
  Sus scrofa Wild boar 20.0   x [192]
  Sus verrucosus Javan pig 14.0   x [100]
  Sus verrucosus (= celebensis) Javan pig (+) 10.0   x [100]
  Sus spp. Pig, hog, or boar   27.0 x [229]
Tayassuidae Catagonus wagneri Chaco peccary   1.0 x [100]
  Tayassu pecari White-lipped peccary 13.3   x [100]
  Tayassu tajacu Collared peccary 24.7   x [100]
  Tayassu tajacu Collared peccary   24.6 x [143]
  Tayassu tajacu Collared peccary 10.0 21.0 x [192]
Tragulidae Hyemoschus aquaticus Water chevrotain 13.0   x [100]
  Hyemoschus aquaticus Water chevrotain 14.0   x [192]
  Tragulus javanicus Lesser Malay chevrotain   12.0 x [100]
  Tragulus napu Larger Malay chevrotain   14.0 x [100]
  Tragulus napu Larger Malay chevrotain (+)   14.0 x [143]
 
Carnivora
Ailuridae Ailurus fulgens Lesser panda 14.0   x [100]
  Ailurus fulgens Lesser panda   13.4 x [143]
Ailuropodidae Ailuropoda melanoleuca Giant panda 26.0   x [21]
  Ailuropoda melanoleuca Giant panda   30.0 x [100]
Canidae Alopex lagopus Arctic fox 10.0   x [100]
  Alopex lagopus Arctic fox   15.0 x [143]
  Atelocynus microtis Small-eared dog   11.0 x [143]
  Canis adustus Side-striped jackal   10.0 x [266]
  Canis aureus Golden jackal   14.0 x [100]
  Canis aureus Golden jackal   16.0 x [159] [176]
[216] [217]
[228] [268]
[321]
  Canis dingo Dingo   14.0 x [192]
  Canis familiaris dingo Dingo 14.8   x [101]
  Canis familiaris Domestic dog 29.5   x [21]
  Canis familiaris Domestic dog   20.0 x [8] [32]
[100]
  Canis latrans Coyote 14.5 21.8 x [13] [90]
[143] [153]
  Canis latrans Coyote 14.5 18.0 x [192]
  Canis latrans Coyote (+) 21.0   x [21]
  Canis latrans Coyote (+)   15.0 x [100]
  Canis lupus Gray wolf 10.0 20.0 x [100]
  Canis lupus Gray wolf 16.0 20.0 x [192]
  Canis lupus Gray wolf 13.7 16.0 f [201] [202]
[203] [204]
[205] [206]
[317] [318]
  Canis lupus f. dingo Dingo (+)   14.0 x [100]
  Canis mesomelas Black-backed jackal   14.0 x [12] [22]
[159] [215]
[216]
  Canis rufus Red wolf   14.0 x [37]
  Canis rufus Red wolf 16.0 20.0 x [192]
  Cerdocyon thous Crab-eating fox   11.5 x [294]
  Chrysocyon brachyurus Maned wolf   15.0 x [100] [192]
  Chrysocyon brachyurus Maned wolf   13.0 x [143]
  Cuon alpinus Dhole   16.0 x [229]
  Fennecus zerda Fennec fox   12.0 x [100]
  Fennecus zerda Fennec fox   11.6 x [143]
  Lycaon pictus African hunting dog 11.0   x [77] [159]
[193] [275]
[319] [321]
  Lycaon pictus African hunting dog 10.0   x [100] [192]
  Nyctereutes procyonoides Raccoon dog 11.0 7.0 x [100]
  Nyctereutes procyonoides Raccoon dog   10.7 x [143]
  Otocyon megalotis Bat-eared fox   13.8 x [143]
  Otocyon megalotis Bat-eared fox (+)   6.0 x [100]
  Pseudalopex gymnocercus S. American fox   13.7 x [143]
  Speothos venaticus Bush dog   10.3 x [143]
  Speothos venaticus Bush dog (+)   10.0 x [100]
  Urocyon cinereoargenteus Gray fox (+)   13.0 x [100]
  Urocyon spp. Gray fox   13.7 x [143]
  Vulpes bengalensis Indian fox (+) 10.0   x [100]
  Vulpes cana Blanford?s fox 10.0   x [100]
  Vulpes chama Cape fox 10.0   x [100]
  Vulpes macrotis Kit fox (+)   20.0 x [143]
  Vulpes pallida Pale fox 10.0   x [100]
  Vulpes velox Swift fox   12.8 x [59] [156]
  Vulpes velox Swift fox   12.0 x [100]
  Vulpes vulpes Red fox 7.0 15.0 x [1]
  Vulpes vulpes Red fox 12.0   x [1]
Felidae Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah   19.0 x [57] [101]
[159]
  Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah 15.0   x [100]
  Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah 12.0 17.0 x [192]
  Felis caracal Caracal   17.0 x [159]
  Felis catus Domestic cat 34.0   x [21]
  Felis (= Profelis = Puma) concolor Cougar (+)   20.0 x [47]
  Felis (= Lynx) lynx Lynx   26.8 x [257]
  Felis nigripes Black-footed cat 12.0   x [100]
  Felis (= Leopardus) pardalis Ocelot   20.3 x [143]
  Felis (= Lynx) rufus Bobcat 32.3   x [21]
  Felis (= Lynx) rufus Bobcat   32.3 x [143]
  Felis (= Leptailurus) serval Serval   19.8 f [323]
  Felis silvestris Wild cat 18.0   x [100]
  Felis silvestris Wild cat 15.0   x [192]
  Felis silvestris Wild cat   15.0 x [159]
  Felis (= Profelis) temmincki Asian golden cat   18.0 x [176]
  Felis (= Leopardus) wiedii Margay (+)   13.0 x [101]
  Leopardus tigrinus Little spotted cat   20.0 x [100]
  Leopardus wiedii Margay (+)   20.0 x [100]
  Leptailurus serval Serval 23.0   x [100]
  Lynx (= Felis) rufus Bobcat 15.0   x [100]
  Neofelis nebulosa Clouded leopard   17.0 x [100] [101]
[192]
  Neofelis (= Panthera) tigris Tiger 18.0 25.0 x [100]
  Panthera leo African lion   30.0 x [101] [102]
[159] [275]
  Panthera leo Lion 29.0   x [21]
  Panthera leo Lion 15.0 25.0 x [100]
  Panthera leo Lion 15.0 24.0 x [192]
  Panthera onca Jaguar   22.0 x [100] [101]
[102] [218]
  Panthera onca Jaguar   20.0 x [192]
  Panthera pardus Leopard 12.0 20.0 x [192]
  Panthera pardus Leopard (+)   23.0 x [101] [102]
[159]
  Panthera tigris Tiger 26.3   x [21]
  Panthera tigris Tiger 15.0 20.0 x [192]
  Panthera tigris Tiger 26.0 26.0 x [197]
  Panthera uncia Snow leopard   15.0 x [192]
  Panthera uncia Snow leopard   19.0 x [133]
  Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard cat 15.0   x [100]
  Profelis (= Caracal) caracal Caracal (+) 12.0   x [100]
  Profelis (= Puma) concolor Mountain lion 18.0   x [100]
  Uncia (= Panthera) uncia Snow leopard   18.0 x [100]
Hyaenidae Crocuta crocuta Spotted hyena   41.1 x [143]
  Crocuta crocuta Spotted hyena 25.0 40.0 x [192]
  Hyaena brunnea Brown hyena 12.0   x [211]
  Hyaena brunnea Brown hyena   13.0 x [192]
  Hyaena hyaena Striped hyena   24.0 x [259] [260]
  Hyaena hyaena Striped hyena   24.0 x [192]
  Proteles cristatus Aardwolf   14.3 x [143]
  Proteles cristatus Aardwolf   13.0 x [192]
Mustelidae Aonyx capensis Cape clawless otter   11.0 x [100] [143]
  Arctonyx collaris Hog badger   13.9 x [100] [143]
  Conepatus chinga Hog-nosed skunk   6.6 x [143]
  Conepatus leuconotus Hog-nosed skunk   7.0 x [100]
  Eira barbara Tayra   18.0 x [100] [101]
  Enhydra lutris Sea otter 23.0   f [271]
  Enhydra lutris Sea otter   19.0 m [271]
  Enhydra lutris Sea otter 30.0   x [100]
  Galictis vittata Grison   10.5 x [143]
  Gulo gulo Wolverine   17.3 x [143]
  Gulo gulo Wolverine   18.0 x [100]
  Ictonyx striatus Striped polecat, zorilla   13.3 x [100] [143]
  Lutra canadensis Canadian otter 21.0   x [21]
  Lutra canadensis River otter   23.0 f [229]
  Lutra lutra Eurasian river otter   22.0 x [100]
  Martes americana American marten   17.0 x [100] [229]
  Martes flavigula Yellow-throated marten   14.0 x [100] [176]
[304]
  Martes foina Beech marten   18.1 x [143]
  Martes martes European pine marten   17.0 x [101] [304]
  Martes martes Pine marten 10.0 15.0 x [100]
  Martes pennnti Fisher 10.0 10.0 x [100] [244]
[245]
  Martes zibellina Sable   15.0 x [100] [101]
[228] [304]
  Meles meles Badger   16.0 x [100]
  Meles meles Old World badger   16.2 x [143]
  Mellivora capensis Honey badger 26.4   x [143]
  Mellivora capensis Honey badger   26.5 x [100]
  Melogale moschata Ferret badger (+)   10.5 x [143]
  Mephitis mephitis Striped skunk 6.0 10.0 x [100]
  Mephitis spp. Striped skunk   12.9 x [143]
  Mustela lutreola European mink 10.0   x [100] [228]
[304]
  Mustela nigripes Black-footed ferret   12.0 x [100] [117]
  Mustela putorius European polecat 6.0 14.0 x [20] [100]
[228] [304]
  Mustela putorius European polecat (+) 10.0   x [100]
  Mustela sibirica Siberian weasel   8.8 x [100] [143]
  Mustela vison American mink 10.0   x [10] [35]
[100] [132]
[191]
  Poecilictis libyca N. African striped weasel (+)   5.0 x [100] [268]
  Poecilogale albinucha Striped weasel   5.2 x [296]
  Poecilogale albinucha Striped weasel   5.0 x [100]
  Pteronura brasiliensis Giant otter   12.8 x [143]
  Pteronura brasiliensis Giant otter   12.0 x [100]
  Spilogale putorius Spotted skunk   10.0 x [100]
  Spilogale spp. Spotted skunk   9.8 x [60]
  Taxidea taxus American badger 14.0 26.0 x [143]
  Taxidea taxus American badger 26.0   x [21]
  Taxidea taxus American badger 14.0 16.0 x [100]
  Vormela peregusna Marbled polecat   8.9 x [100] [143]
Procyonidae Bassaricyon gabbii Olingo (+) 24.0   x [100]
  Bassaricyon spp. Olingo   17.1 x [143]
  Bassariscus astutus Ringtail 16.0   x [100]
  Bassariscus astutus Ringtail   14.3 x [143]
  Bassariscus sumichrasti Cacomistle 23.0   x [100]
  Nasua nasua (= narica) Coatimundi 14.0   x [100]
  Nasua nasua Coatimundi   17.7 x [143]
  Nasua nasua Coatimundi 14.0   x [100]
  Potos flavus Kinkajou 29.0   x [100]
  Potos flavus Kinkajou   23.6 x [129] [229]
  Procyon cancrivorus Crab-eating raccoon 14.0   x [100]
  Procyon lotor Common raccoon (+) 20.0   x [100]
  Procyon spp. Common raccoon 16.0 20.6 x [143]
Ursidae Melursus (= Ursus) ursinus Sloth bear   30.0 x [100]
  Tremarctos ornatus Spectacled bear   25.0 x [100]
  Tremarctos ornatus Spectacled bear   36.4 x [143]
  Ursus (= Euarchtos) americanus American black bear 26.0   f [10] [145]
[242]
  Ursus (= Euarctos) americanus American black bear 32.0   x [192]
  Ursus arctos Grizzly bear 25.0 50.0 x [46] [58]
[91] [145]
[221] [237]
[293] [304]
  Ursus arctos Grizzly bear 30.0 47.0 x [192]
  Ursus malayanus Malayan sun bear   24.8 x [143]
  Ursus (= Thalarctos) maritimus Polar bear (+) 30.0 38.2 x [51] [169]
[253] [300]
[316]
  Ursus (= Thalarctos) maritimus Polar bear 25.0   x [192]
  Ursus (= Selenarctos) thibetanus Asiatic black bear   33.0 x [176]
  Ursus (= Melursus) ursinus Sloth bear   40.0 x [171] [229]
[307]
  Ursus ursus arctos European brown bear 47.0   x [21]
Viverridae Arctictis binturong Binturong 18.0   x [100]
  Arctictis binturong Binturong   22.7 x [143]
  Arctogalidia trivirgata Small-toothed palm civet   15.8 x [143]
  Arctogalidia trivirgata Small-toothed palm civet 12.0   x [100]
  Atilax paludinosus Marsh mongoose   17.4 x [143]
  Atilax paludinosus Marsh mongoose (+)   17.0 x [100]
  Bdeogale nigripes Black-legged mongoose (+)   15.0 x [100]
  Bdeogale nigripes Black-legged mongoose   15.8 x [143]
  Civettictis civetta African civet   28.0 x [143]
  Civettictis civetta African civet (+) 15.0   x [100]
  Crossarchus obscurus Dark mongoose   4.5 x [100]
  Crossarchus spp. Cusimanse   9.0 x [93]
  Cryptoprocta ferox Fossa (+)   20.0 x [2] [3]
[164] [229]
  Cynogale bennettii Otter civet (+)   5.0 x [100]
  Cynogale bennettii Otter civet   5.0 x [143]
  Cynictis penicillata Yellow mongoose (+)   15.0 x [100]
  Cynictis penicillata Yellow mongoose   15.2 x [143]
  Fossa fossa Malagasy civet   11.0 x [143]
  Fossa fossa Malagasy civet   11.0 x [100]
  Galidia elegans Malagasy ring-tailed mongoose (+)   13.0 x [100]
  Galidia elegans Malagasy ring-tailed mongoose   13.2 x [143]
  Genetta genetta European genet   34.0 x [192]
  Genetta genetta European genet (+)   14.0 x [100]
  Genetta genetta European genet   21.6 x [143]
  Genetta genetta European genet   13.0 f [159] [268]
[330]
  Genetta tigrina Large-spotted genet   9.5 x [100]
  Helogale parvula Dwarf mongoose   10.0 x [100]
  Hemigalus derbyanus Banded palm civet (+)   12.0 x [100] [143]
  Herpestes ichneumon Mongoose 12.0   x [100]
  Herpestes ichneumon Mongoose (+)   20.0 x [67] [100]
[159] [176]
[263]
  Herpestes javanicus Javan mongoose (+)   8.0 x [100]
  Herpestes sanguineus Slender mongoose   6.0 x [100]
  Ichneumia albicauda White-tailed mongoose (+)   12.0 x [100]
  Ichneumia albicauda White-tailed mongoose (+)   10.0 x [143]
  Mungos mungo Banded mongoose   12.0 x [322]
  Mungos mungo Banded mongoose   11.0 x [100]
  Nandinia binotata African palm civet   15.8 x [143]
  Nandinia binotata African palm civet (+)   15.0 x [100]
  Paguma larvata Masked palm civet   15.4 x [176] [207]
  Paguma larvata Masked palm civet   15.0 x [192]
  Paguma larvata Masked palm civet 18.0   x [100]
  Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Common palm civet (+) 22.0   x [100]
  Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Common palm civet   22.4 x [207]
  Poiana richardsoni African linsang   5.3 x [143]
  Poiana richardsoni African linsang (+)   5.0 x [100]
  Prionodon linsang Banded linsang (+)   10.0 x [100]
  Prionodon linsang Banded linsang   10.7 x [143]
  Salanoia concolor Salano 4.8   x [21]
  Salanoia concolor Salano   4.8 x [143]
  Suricata suricatta Meerkat   12.5 x [143]
  Suricata suricatta Meerkat (+)   12.0 x [100]
  Viverra civetta African civet 28.0   x [21]
  Viverra tangalunga Tangalunga   12.0 x [100]
  Viverra zibetha Oriental civet (+)   15.0 x [100]
  Viverra zibetha Oriental civet (+)   20.0 x [294]
  Viverricula indica Lesser Oriental civet   10.5 x [143]
  Viverricula indica Lesser Oriental civet (+)   8.0 x [100]
 
Cetacea
Balaenidae Balaena mysticetus Bowhead whale 40.0   x [10] [26]
[65] [195]
[226]
  Balaena mysticetus Bowhead whale (+) 30.0   x [100]
Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera acutorostrata Minke whale 50.0   x [100]
  Balaenoptera acutorostrata Minke whale 47.0   x [105]
  Balaenoptera acutorostrata Minke whale 45.0   x [192]
  Balaenoptera borealis Sei whale 70.0   x [100]
  Balaenoptera borealis Sei whale 74.0   x [105]
  Balaenoptera edeni Bryde?s whale 72.0   x [65] [105]
[185] [213]
[284]
  Balaenoptera musculus Blue whale 45.0   x [21]
  Balaenoptera musculus Blue whale 50.0   x [100]
  Balaenoptera musculus Blue whale 110.0   x [105]
  Balaenoptera musculus Blue whale 65.0   x [192]
  Balaenoptera physalus Fin whale 116.0   x [21]
  Balaenoptera physalus Fin whale 114.0   x [105]
  Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback whale 77.0   x [105]
  Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback whale 95.0   x [192]
Delphinidae Cephalorhynchus commersonii Southern dolphin 18.0   x [94] [186]
  Delphinus delphis Common dolphin (+) 20.0   x [175] [240]
[284]
  Globicephala sieboldii (= macrorhynchus) Pilot whale 63.0   f [149]
  Globicephala sieboldii (= macrorhynchus) Pilot whale 46.0   m [149]
  Grampus griseus Risso?s dolphin 20.0   x [229]
  Lagenorhynchus acutus Atlantic white-sided dolphin 27.0   f [10] [212]
[281] [284]
[333]
  Lagenorhynchus acutus Atlantic white-sided dolphin 22.0   m [10] [212]
[281] [284]
[333]
  Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Pacific white-sided dolphin   20.0 x [10] [212]
[281] [284]
[333]
  Orcinus orca Killer whale 90.0   x [21]
  Orcinus orca Killer whale 50.0   x [105]
  Orcinus orca Killer whale 100.0   x [192]
  Peponocephala electra Many-toothed blackfish 47.0   x [31] [240]
  Pseudorca crassidens False killer whale 22.0   x [240] [247]
  Stenella attenuata Spotted dolphin 46.0   x [229]
  Stenella coeruleoalba Striped dolphin 50.0   x [229]
  Steno bredanensis Rough-toothed dolphin 32.0   x [240]
  Tursiops aduncus (= truncatus) Bottle-nosed dolphin 35.0   x [212] [230]
[270] [283]
[285]
  Tursiops truncatus Bottle-nosed dolphin 25.0   x [21]
  Tursiops truncatus Bottle-nosed dolphin (+) 25.0 30.0 x [100]
  Tursiops truncatus Bottle-nosed dolphin 25.0   x [21] [212]
[230] [270]
[283] [285]
Eschrichtidae Eschrichtius robustus Gray whale 70.0   x [105]
  Eschrichtius robustus Gray whale 77.0   x [192]
Iniidae Inia geoffrensis Amazon dolphin 30.0 18.0 x [30]
Monodontidae Delphinapterus leucas White, or beluga whale 17.3   x [21]
  Delphinapterus leucas White, or beluga whale 30.0   x [25] [27]
[282]
  Delphinapterus leucas White, or beluga whale 40.0   x [192]
  Monodon monoceros Narwhal 40.0   x [18] [65]
[192] [194]
[255] [305]
Phocoenidae Neophocaena phocaenoides Finless porpoise 23.0   x [148] [192]
  Phocoena phocoena Common porpoise 13.0   x [84] [85]
[86] [192]
[290]
  Phocoenoides dalli Dall?s porpoise 22.0   x [140] [146]
  Phocoenoides dalli Dall?s porpoise (+) 17.0   x [192]
Physeteridae Kogia breviceps Pygmy sperm whale 17.0   x [192]
  Physeter catodon Sperm whale 77.0   x [18] [36]
[80] [105]
[231] [232]
[256]
  Physeter macrocephalus Sperm whale (+) 32.0   x [21]
  Physeter macrocephalus Sperm whale 70.0   x [192]
Platanistidae Platanista gangetica Ganges and Indus dolphins 28.0   m [147]
  Platanista gangetica Ganges dolphin (+) 28.0   x [192]
  Platanista minor Indus dolphin (+) 28.0   x [192]
Pontoporiidae Pontoporia blainvillei La Plata dolphin 16.0   x [30] [107]
[108] [150]
[192]
Ziphiidae Berardius bairdii Baird?s beaked whale 71.0   x [199]
  Hyperoodon ampullatus Northern bottle-nosed whale 37.0   x [14] [192]
  Mesoplodon densirostris Beaked whale 27.0   f [199]
  Ziphius cavirostris Goose-beaked whale 36.0   x [199]
 
Chiroptera
Hipposideridae Hipposideros fulvus Old World leaf-nosed bat 12.0   x [313]
Molossidae Tadarida brasiliensis Free-tailed bat (+) 8.0   x [174]
Noctilionidae Noctilio leporinus Bulldog bat   11.5 x [143]
Phyllostomidae Anoura geoffroyi Geoffroy?s long-nosed bat (+)   10.0 x [143]
  Artibeus jamaicensis Neotropical fruit bat (+)   10.0 x [143]
  Carollia perspicillata Short-tailed leaf-nosed bat (+)   12.4 x [143]
  Desmodus rotundus Common vampire bat   19.5 f [187]
  Glossophaga soricina Long-tongued nector bat (+)   10.0 x [143]
  Macrotus californicus   10.4   x [314]
  Vampyrops lineatus White-lined bat   10.2 x [143]
Pteropodidae Eidolon helvum Straw-colored fruit bat   21.8 x [143]
  Pteropus giganteus Flying fox   31.4 x [143]
  Rousettus aegypticus. Rousette fruit bat   22.9 x [143]
Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Horseshoe bat (+) 30.0   x [39]
  Rhinolophus ferrumquinum Greater horseshoe bat 23.0   x [100]
  Rhinolophus hipposideros Lesser horseshoe bat 18.0   x [100]
Vespertilionidae Antrozous pallidus Pallid bat 9.1   x [182]
  Barbastella barbastellus Barbastelle 21.0   x [100]
  Eptesicus fuscus Big brown bat 19.0   x [119] [278]
  Eptesicus serotinus Serotine 6.0   x [83]
  Lasionycteris noctivagans Silver-haired bat 12.0   x [313]
  Lasiurus cinereus Hoary bat 2.1   m [313]
  Miniopterus schreibersi Schreiber?s bat 14.0   x [100]
  Myotis bechsteini Bechstein?s bat 19.0   x [100]
  Myotis dasyeneme Pond bat 15.0   x [100]
  Myotis daubentoni Daubenton?s bat 15.0   x [100]
  Myotis emarginatus Geoffroy?s bat 15.0   x [100]
  Myotis evotis   2.2   m [313]
  Myotis grisescens Gray myotis 16.5   f [313]
  Myotis lucifugus Little brown bat (+)   30.0 x [151]
  Myotis myotis Greater mouse-eared bat 18.0   x [100]
  Myotis mystacinus Whiskered bat 18.0   x [100]
  Myotis nattereri Natterer?s bat 15.0   x [100]
  Myotis nigricans Black myotis 7.0   x [313]
  Myotis sodalis Social bat 13.8   m [313]
  Myotis thysanodes Fringed myotis 18.3   m [313]
  Myotis vivesi Fish-eating bat 10.0 10.0 x [313]
  Myotis volans Long-legged myotis 2.1   m [313]
  Nyctalus noctula Noctule 8.0   x [100]
  Nycticeius humeralis Evening bat (+)   5.0 x [328]
  Pipistrellus pipistrellus Common pipistrelle 9.0   x [100]
  Pipistrellus subflavus Pipistrelle 14.8   x [324]
  Plecotus auritus Common long-eared bat 12.0   x [100]
  Plecotus austriacus Gray long-eared bat 15.0   x [100]
  Plecotus rafinesquii Eastern lump-nosed bat 10.1   f [314]
  Plecotus townsendii Long-eared bat 10.0   x [62]
 
Dermoptera
Cynocephalidae Cynocephallus spp. Colugo (flying lemur)   17.5 x [176]
 
Hyraccoidea
Procaviidae Dendrohyrax arboreus Tree hyrax (+) 10.0   x [100]
  Dendrohyrax arboreus Tree hyrax   12.3 x [143]
  Dendrohyrax dorsalis Tree hyrax   5.5 x [143]
  Heterohyrax brucei Bush hyrax 14.0   x [100]
  Heterohyrax spp. Gray hyrax 11.0   f [120] [121]
[122] [123]
[124]
  Procavia capensis Rock hyrax 14.0   x [100]
  Procavia capensis Rock hyrax 8.5 11.0 x [123] [143]
 
Insectivora
Erinaceidae Echinosorex gymnurus Moon rat   4.6 x [100]
  Echinosorex gymnurus Moon rat   4.4 x [143]
  Erinaceus algirus Algerian hedgehog   7.0 x [100]
  Erinaceus europaeus Hedgehog 14.0   x [21]
  Erinaceus europaeus Eurasian hedgehog 7.0 7.0 x [45]
  Erinaceus europaeus West European hedgehog 8.0   x [100]
  Hemiechinus auritus Long-eared desert hedgehog   6.8 x [143]
  Paraechinus aethiopicus Desert hedgehog   4.5 x [143]
Solenodontidae Solenodon cubanus Cuban solenodon   6.0 x [100]
  Solenodon paradoxus Haitian solenodon   11.3 x [100] [229]
Soricidae Blarina brevicauda Short-tailed shrew 2.5   x [100]
  Crocidura leucodon Bicolored white-toothed shrew 3.0   x [100]
  Crocidura russula Common European white-toothed shrew 3.2   x [100]
  Crocidura suaveolens Lesser white-toothed shrew   2.7 x [100]
  Crocidura spp. White-toothed shrew   4.0 x [229]
  Myosorex varius Forest shrew 1.0   x [100]
  Neomys anomalus Southern water shrew 2.0   x [100]
  Neomys fodiens Eurasian water shrew 3.0   x [100]
  Neomys fodiens Eurasian water shrew   1.6 x [209]
  Sorex alpinus Alpine shrew 1.3   x [100]
  Sorex araneus Eurasian common shrew 2.0   x [100]
  Sorex caecutiens Laxmann?s shrew 2.0   x [100]
  Sorex fumeus Smoky shrew 1.0   x [100]
  Sorex minutus Lesser shrew 2.0   x [100]
  Sorex trowbridgei Trowbridge?s shrew 1.5   x [100]
  Sorex vagrans Vagrant shrew 1.3   x [100]
  Sorex spp. Long-tailed shrew   2.0 f [229]
  Suncus etruscus Pygmy white-toothed shrew 2.0   x [21]
  Suncus etruscus Savi?s pygmy shrew 1.3 2.7 x [100]
  Suncus murinus House shrew 2.5   x [100]
  Suncus spp. Musk shrew   2.5 x [207]
  Tupaia belangeri Tree shrew   10.0 x [100]
  Tupaia glis Tree shrew (+) 12.0   x [100]
  Cryptotis spp. Small-eared shrew   2.6 x [214]
Talpidae Galemys pyrenaicus Pyrenean desman 4.0   x [100]
  Galemys pyrenaicus Pyrenean desman 3.5   x [258]
  Parascalops breweri Hairy-tailed mole 4.0   x [105]
  Parascalops breweri Hairy-tailed mole 5.0   x [100]
  Scalopus aquaticus Eastern aquatic mole 3.0   x [100] [109]
  Talpa europaea European mole, common mole 4.0   x [100]
  Talpa europaea European mole 3.0   x [192]
  Talpa micrura Eastern mole 3.0   x [100]
Tenrecidae Echinops telfairi Lesser Madagascar ?hedgehog? 1.2 13.0 x [100] [143]
  Hemicentetes nigriceps Black-headed streaked tenrec 2.6   x [100]
  Hemicentetes semispinosus Streaked tenrec   2.6 x [61] [63]
  Hemicentetes semispinosus Streaked tenrec 2.7   x [100]
  Microgale dobsoni Dobson?s long-tailed tenrec   5.6 x [64]
  Microgale dobsoni Dobson?s long-tailed tenrec 5.6   x [100]
  Microgale talazaci Talazaci?s long-tailed tenrec   5.8 x [64]
  Microgale talazaci Talazaci?s long-tailed tenrec 5.8   x [100]
  Setifer setosus Large Madagascar ?hedgehog?   4.6 x [100]
  Setifer setosus Large Madagascar “hedgehog”   10.5 x [143]
  Tenrec ecaudatus Tailless tenrec   5.0 x [100]
  Tenrec ecaudatus Tenrec   6.3 x [143]
 
Lagomorpha
Leporidae Lepus americanus Snowshoe rabbit 5.0   x [92]
  Lepus californicus Black-tailed jack rabbit   6.8 x [60]
  Lepus europaeus European hare 12.0   x [100]
  Lepus europaeus European hare   7.4 x [143]
  Lepus timidus Mountain hare 9.0   x [100]
  Oryctolagus cuniculus Old World rabbit 10.0   x [100]
  Oryctolagus cuniculus Old World rabbit 9.0   x [101]
  Oryctolagus cuniculus Old World rabbit (+) 18.0   x [21]
  Sylvilagus floridanus Eastern cottontail (+) 5.0 9.0 x [280]
Ochotonidae Ochotona collaris Collared pika 6.0   x [100]
  Ochotona princeps N. American pika 6.0   x [100]
  Ochotona princeps N. American pika 7.0   x [192] [210]
  Ochotona pusilla Small pika 4.0   x [100]
 
Macroscelidea
Macroscelididae Elephantulus rozetti N. African elephant shrew (+)   3.0 x [100]
  Elephantulus rufescens Rufous elephant shrew 6.0 1.6 x [100]
  Elephantulus intufi Long-eared elephant shrew   8.8 x [143]
  Elephantulus myurus Long-eared elephant shrew 1.1   f [297]
  Rhynchocyon chrysopygus Golden-rumped elephant shrew 4.0   x [100]
 
Marsupialia
Burramyidae Acrobates pygmaeus Pygmy gliding possum   7.2 x [143]
  Acrobates pygmaeus Pygmy gliding possum (+) 4.0   x [100]
  Burramys parvus Mountain pygmy possum 4.0 7.0 x [100] [229]
  Cercartetus nanus Dormouse possum   8.0 x [44]
  Distoechurus pennatus Feather-tailed possum   1.5 x [44] [332]
[336]
Dasyuridae Antechinomys laniger Kultarr   3.0 x [44]
  Antechinus flavipes Yellow-footed marsupial mouse 1.0   m [100]
  Antechinus flavipes Yellow-footed marsupial mouse 2.0   f [100]
  Antechinus spp. Broad-footed marsupial mouse (+)   3.0 f [44]
  Antechinus spp. Broad-footed marsupial mouse   2.7 m [261]
  Antechinus stuartii Brown antechinus 0.9   m [192] [261]
  Antechinus stuartii Brown antechinus 3.0   f [192] [261]
  Dasycercus cristicauda Mulgara (+) 6.0   x [100]
  Dasycercus cristicauda Mulgara (+)   6.0 x [304]
  Dasykaluta rosamondae     3.0 f [304]
  Dasyuroides byrnei Kowari 4.0 6.3 x [143]
  Dasyurus albopunctatus Quoll   3.0 x [143]
  Dasyurus geoffroii Quoll   3.0 x [7]
  Dasyurus maculatus Quoll   4.0 x [44]
  Dasyurus viverrinus Quoll   6.8 x [143]
  Dasyurus viverrinus Quoll 5.0   x [100]
  Ningaui timealeyi Pilbara ningaui 2.0   x [100]
  Ningaui spp. Ningaui   2.1 f [229]
  Parantechinus apicalis Speckled marsupial mouse 3.0   x [100]
  Parantechinus bilarni Sandstone marsupial mouse 3.0   x [100]
  Phascogale tapoatafa Tuan (+)   3.0 m [48] [304]
  Pseudoantechinus macdonnellensis Fat-tailed marsupial mouse (+) 1.0   x [100]
  Sarcophilus harrisii Tasmanian devil 8.0   x [100]
  Sarcophilus harrisii Tasmanian devil   8.2 x [143]
  Sarcophilus harrisii Tasmanian devil 7.0   x [192]
  Sminthopsis crassicaudata Fat-tailed dunnart 1.5   f [219]
  Sminthopsis crassicaudata Fat-tailed dunnart 1.3   m [219]
  Sminthopsis macroura Stripe-faced dunnart   4.9 x [143]
Didelphidae Caluromys laniger Woolly opossum   5.0 x [100]
  Caluromys philander Woolly opossum   6.3 x [143]
  Caluromysiops irrupta Black-shouldered opossum   7.8 x [44]
  Chironectes minimus Water opossum (yapok)   2.9 x [44]
  Didelphis spp. Large American opossum 3.0 5.0 x [44] [126]
[191] [280]
[314]
  Didelphis spp. Large American opossum 7.0 2.0 x [100]
  Lutreolina crassicaudata Thick-tailed opossum   3.0 x [44]
  Marmosa mexicana Murine opossum   7.0 x [100]
  Marmosa spp. Murine (mouse) opossum (+) 1.0 3.0 x [126]
  Metachirus nudicaudatus Brown “four-eyed” opossum   4.0 x [126]
  Monodelphis domestica Shorttailed opossum   6.0 x [100]
  Philander mcilhennyi Black “four-eyed” opossum   2.3 x [44]
  Philander opossum Gray “four-eyed” opossum   2.3 x [44]
Macropodidae Bettongia gaimardi Short-nosed “rat”-kangaroo   11.8 x [143]
  Caloprymnus campestris Desert “rat”-kangaroo   13.0 x [143]
  Dendrolagus dorianus Doria?s tree kangaroo 8.0   x [100]
  Dendrolagus goodfellow Goodfellow?s tree kangaroo 8.0   x [100]
  Dendrolagus inustus Grizzled tree kangaroo 10.0   x [100]
  Dendrolagus matschiei Matschie?s tree kangaroo   14.0 x [44]
  Dendrolagus matschiei Matschie?s tree kangaroo 8.0   x [100]
  Dendrolagus ursinus Black tree kangaroo   20.2 x [44]
  Dendrolagus ursinus Black tree kangaroo 8.0   x [100]
  Dorcopsis veterum New Guinean forest wallaby   7.6 x [143]
  Dorcopsis spp. Forest wallaby (+) 8.0   x [100]
  Lagostrophus fasciatus Banded hare-wallaby (+) 4.0   x [100]
  Macropus agilis Agile wallaby   10.2 x [44] [143]
[162]
  Macropus agilis Agile wallaby (+) 10.0   x [100]
  Macropus antilopinus Antilopine wallaroo   15.9 x [44] [143]
[162]
  Macropus antilopinus Antilopine wallaroo (+) 16.0   x [100]
  Macropus dorsalis Black-striped wallaby   12.4 x [44] [143]
[162]
  Macropus dorsalis Black-striped scrub wallaby 15.0   x [100]
  Macropus eugenii Tammar wallaby   9.8 x [44] [143]
[162]
  Macropus eugenii Tammar wallaby 14.0   x [100]
  Macropus fuliginosus Western gray kangaroo 20.0   x [100]
  Macropus giganteus Eastern gray kangaroo 20.0   x [100]
  Macropus giganteus Eastern gray kangaroo 19.8 24.0 x [162] [196]
  Macropus parma Parma wallaby 8.0   x [100]
  Macropus parma Parma wallaby 7.0   x [162] [196]
  Macropus parryi Whiptail wallaby   9.7 x [44] [143]
[162]
  Macropus parryi Pretty-faced wallaby (+) 10.0   x [100]
  Macropus robustus Wallaroo 18.5 19.6 x [100] [162]
[196]
  Macropus rufogriseus Red-necked wallaby 15.0   x [100]
  Macropus rufogriseus Red-necked wallaby 18.5 15.2 x [162] [196]
  Macropus rufus Red kangaroo 30.0   x [21]
  Macropus rufus Red kangaroo 20.0   x [100]
  Macropus rufus Red kangaroo 22.0 16.3 x [162] [196]
  Onychogalea spp. Nailtail wallaby (+) 7.0   x [100]
  Onychogalea spp. Nailtail wallaby   7.3 x [143]
  Petrogale penicillata Rock wallaby   14.4 x [44]
  Petrogale spp. Rock wallaby 14.4   x [100]
  Potorous tridactyles Potoroo 7.3 12.0 x [103] [304]
  Setonix brachyurus Quokka   5.0 x [100]
  Setonix brachyurus Quokka (+) 10.0 7.0 f [287]
  Setonix brachyurus Quokka (+) 10.0   m [287]
  Thylogale billardierii Tasmanian red-bellied pademelon   8.8 x [44] [100]
  Wallabia bicolor Swamp wallaby 15.0 12.4 x [44]
  Wallabia bicolor Swamp wallaby (+) 12.0   x [100]
Microbiotheriidae Dromiciops australis Monito del monte   2.2 f [248]
Myrmecobiidae Myrmecobius fasciatus Banded anteater (+)   5.0 m [303]
  Myrmecobius fasciatus Banded anteater (+)   6.0 f [303]
Notoryctidae Notorytes typhlops Marsupial mole 1.5   x [100]
Peramelidae Echymipera spp. New Guinean spiny bandicoot   2.8 x [143]
  Isoodon macrourus Brindled bandicoot 3.0   x [192]
  Isoodon macrourus Short-nosed bandicoot 1.0   x [100]
  Isoodon spp. Short-nosed bandicoot 4.0   x [100]
  Isoodon spp. Short-nosed bandicoot   3.0 x [301]
  Perameles gunnii Long-nosed bandicoot   3.0 x [44]
  Perameles spp. Long-nosed bandicoot 3.0   x [44]
  Peroryctes raffrayanus New Guinean bandicoot   3.3 x [143]
  Echymipera rufescens New Guinean spiny bandicoot   2.9 x [100]
Petauridae Dactylopsila spp. Striped possum   4.9 x [143]
  Dactylopsila trivirgata Striped possum (+) 5.0   x [100]
  Gymnobelideus leadbeateri Leadbeater?s possum   9.0 f [295]
  Gymnobelideus leadbeateri Leadbeater?s possum 7.5   m [295]
  Petauroides volans Greater gliding possum   15.0 x [44]
  Petauroides volans Greater glider (+) 6.0   x [100]
  Petaurus australis Fluffy glider   10.0 x [44] [143]
  Petaurus australis Fluffy glider (+) 10.0   x [100]
  Petaurus breviceps Sugar glider   14.0 x [44] [143]
  Petaurus breviceps Sugar glider 14.0   x [100]
  Petaurus norfolcensis Squirrel glider   11.9 x [44] [143]
  Pseudocheirus peregrinus Ring-tailed possum 5.0 8.0 x [44]
Phalangeridae Spilocuscus maculatus Spotted cuscus 11.0   x [100]
  Spilocuscus spp. Spotted cuscus (+)   11.0 x [304]
  Trichosurus caninus Mountain brush-tailed possum 17.0   x [304]
  Trichosurus caninus Mountain brush-tailed possum 12.0   m [100]
  Trichosurus caninus Mountain brush-tailed possum 17.0   f [100]
  Trichosurus vulpecula Brush-tailed possum 13.0   x [100]
  Trichosurus vulpecula Brush-tailed possum 13.0 14.7 x [143] [304]
  Wyulda squamicaudata Scaly-tailed possum   4.3 x [44]
  Wyulda squamicaudata Scaly-tailed possum (+)   6.0 x [100]
Phascolarctidae Phascolarctos cinereus Koala 17.0 20.0 x [143]
  Phascolarctos cinereus Koala 13.0 18.0 x [192]
  Phascolarctos cinereus Koala (+)   15.0 x [100]
Potoroidae Aepyprymnus rufescens Rufous ?rat?-kangaroo (+) 6.0   x [100]
  Aepyprymnus rufescens Rufous ?rat?-kangaroo (+)   8.0 x [44]
  Bettongia spp. Bettong 6.0   x [100]
  Potorous spp. Potoroo 12.0 7.0 x [100]
Pseudocheiridae Hemibelideus lemuroides Lemuroid ringtail possum (+) 4.0   x [100]
  Pseudocheirus peregrinus Common ringtail possum 6.0   x [100]
Tarsipedidae Tarsipes rostratus Honey possum 2.0   x [192]
  Tarsipes spenserae Honey possum (+) 1.0   x [100]
Thylacinidae Thylacinus cynocephalus Tasmanian wolf   8.4 x [44]
  Thylacinus cynocephalus Tasmanian wolf   13.0 x [100]
Thylacomyidae Macrotis lagotis Rabbit-bandicoot   5.0 x [100]
  Macrotis lagotis Rabbit-bandicoot   7.2 x [44]
Vombatidae Lasiorhinus latifrons Southern hairy-nosed wombat   20.0 x [100]
  Lasiorhinus latifrons Hairy-nosed wombat   24.5 x [143]
  Lasiorhinus latifrons Southern hairy-nosed wombat   18.0 x [192]
  Vombatus ursinus Common wombat 26.0   x [21]
  Vombatus ursinus Common wombat   26.1 x [44]
  Vombatus ursinus Common wombat 5.0 26.0 x [100] [192]
 
Monotremata
Ornithorhynchidae Ornithorhynchus anatinus Duck-billed platypus 17.0   x [21]
  Ornithorhynchus anatinus Duck-billed platypus   17.0 x [101]
  Ornithorhynchus anatinus Duck-billed platypus   17.0 x [100]
  Ornithorhynchus anatinus Duck-billed platypus   17.0 x [143]
Tachyglosidae Tachyglossus aculeatus Short-nosed echidna (+)   50.0 x [96]
  Tachyglossus aculeatus Short-nosed echidna   49.4 x [100]
  Zaglossus bruijni Long-nosed echidna   30.7 x [96]
  Zaglossus bruijni Long-nosed echidna   31.0 x [100]
 
Perissodactyla
Equidae Equus asinus African wild ass 20.0   x [100]
  Equus asinus African wild ass   47.0 x [331]
  Equus burchelli (= quagga) Burchell?s zebra   40.0 x [99] [160]
  Equus caballus Horse   50.0 x [15] [326]
[331]
  Equus caballus Horse 62.0   x [21]
  Equus grevyi Grevy?s zebra 20.0   x [100]
  Equus grevyi Grevy?s zebra   22.0 x [160] [163]
[229]
  Equus hemionus Onager 20.0   x [100]
  Equus hemionus Onager   38.8 x [143]
  Equus quagga Plains zebra (Quagga) 20.0   x [100]
  Equus zebra Mountain zebra 20.0   x [100]
  Equus zebra Mountain zebra 24.0   f [239]
Rhinocerotidae Ceratotherium simum White rhinoceros 36.0   f [98] [160]
[234] [235]
[297]
  Ceratotherium simum White rhinoceros 50.0   x [98] [160]
[234] [235]
[297]
  Ceratotherium simum White rhinoceros 45.0   x [100] [192]
  Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Sumatran rhinoceros 35.0   x [100]
  Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Sumatran rhinoceros   32.7 x [143]
  Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Sumatran rhinoceros 32.0   x [192]
  Diceros bicornis Black rhinoceros (+)   45.0 x [143]
  Diceros bicornis Black rhinoceros 40.0   x [100] [192]
  Rhinoceros sondaicu Javan rhinoceros 40.0   x [100]
  Rhinoceros sondaicus Javan rhinoceros   21.0 x [170] [172]
  Rhinoceros unicornis Indian rhinoceros 49.0   x [21]
  Rhinoceros unicornis Indian rhinoceros 40.0   x [100]
  Rhinoceros unicornis Greater Indian rhinoceros   47.0 x [172]
  Rhinoceros unicornis Indian rhinoceros 45.0   x [192]
Tapiridae Tapirus indicus Malayan tapir 30.0   x [192]
  Tapirus terrestris Brazilian tapir 30.0   x [100] [192]
  Tapirus terrestris Brazilian tapir 35.0   x [21]
  Tapirus terrestris Brazilian tapir   35.0 x [143]
 
Pholidota
Manidae Manis crassicaudata Pangolin   13.5 x [143]
  Manis crassicaudata Pangolin   13.0 x [192]
 
Pinnipedia
Odobenidae Odobenus rosmarus Walrus 16.8   x [21]
  Odobenus rosmarus Walrus (+) 40.0   x [68] [69]
[70] [192]
  Odobenus rosmarus Walrus 40.0   x [192]
  Odobenus rosmarus Walrus 40.0   x [100]
Otariidae Arctocephalus galapagoensis Southern fur seal 22.0   f [42]
  Arctocephalus gazella Antarctic fur seal (+) 13.0   m [192]
  Arctocephalus gazella Antarctic fur seal 23.0   f [192]
  Arctocephalus pusillus Southern fur seal 18.0   x [157] [327]
  Callorhinus ursinus Northern fur seal 30.0   x [9]
  Callorhinus ursinus Northern fur seal 25.0   x [192]
  Eumetopias jubatus Northern sea lion 23.0   x [100]
  Eumetopias jubatus Northern sea lion 30.0   f [157] [189]
[279]
  Otaria byronia S. American sea lion 20.0   x [100]
  Otaria flavescens Southern sea lion   24.8 x [143]
  Zalophus californianus California sea lion 17.0   x [100]
  Zalophus californianus California sea lion   30.0 x [157]
Phocidae Cystophora cristata Hooded seal 35.0   x [23]
  Cystophora cristata Hooded seal 34.0   m [192]
  Cystophora cristata Hooded seal (+) 35.0   f [192]
  Erignathus barbatus Bearded seal 31.0   x [33] [157]
  Erignathus barbatus Bearded seal 25.0   m [192]
  Erignathus barbatus Bearded seal 31.0   f [192]
  Halichoerus grypus Gray seal (+) 46.0   x [21] [198]
  Halichoerus grypus Gray seal (+) 40.0   x [100]
  Halichoerus grypus Gray seal 31.0 43.0 m [192]
  Halichoerus grypus Gray seal 46.0   f [192]
  Hydrurga leptonyx Leopard seal 26.0   x [100] [157]
[166] [291]
  Hydrurga leptonyx Leopard seal (+) 23.0   m [192]
  Hydrurga leptonyx Leopard seal (+) 26.0   f [192]
  Leptonychotes weddelli Weddell seal 21.0   m [192]
  Leptonychotes weddelli Weddell seal 25.0   f [192]
  Leptonychotes weddelli Weddell seal 25.0   x [100] [198]
  Lobodon carcinophagus Crabeater seal 23.0   x [100]
  Lobodon carcinophagus Crabeater seal 39.0   x [157] [165]
  Lobodon carcinophagus Crabeater seal 36.0   f [192]
  Lobodon carcinophagus Crabeater seal (+) 30.0   m [192]
  Mirounga angustirostris Northern elephant seal 14.0 15.0 x [143]
  Mirounga angustirostris Northern elephant seal 14.0   m [192]
  Mirounga angustirostris Northern elephant seal 14.0   f [192]
  Mirounga leonina Southern elephant seal 20.0   x [100]
  Mirounga leonina Southern elephant seal 20.0   m [192]
  Mirounga leonina Southern elephant seal 18.0   f [192]
  Mirounga leonina Southern elephant seal 23.0   x [118]
  Monachus monachus Mediterranean monk seal   23.7 x [143]
  Monachus schauinslandi Hawaiian monk seal 30.0   x [154] [157]
[192]
  Ommatophoca rossi Ross seal 21.0   x [157] [254]
  Ommatophoca rossi Ross seal 21.0   m [192]
  Ommatophoca rossi Ross seal 19.0   f [192]
  Pagophilus groenlandicus Harp seal (+) 30.0   x [100]
  Phoca caspica Caspian seal 35.0   x [100]
  Phoca caspica Caspian seal 50.0   x [157]
  Phoca caspica Caspian seal 47.0   m [192]
  Phoca caspica Caspian seal 50.0   f [192]
  Phoca fasciata Ribbon seal 30.0   x [34] [157]
  Phoca fasciata Ribbon seal 31.0   m [192]
  Phoca fasciata Ribbon seal 23.0   f [192]
  Phoca groenlandica Harp seal (+) 30.0   m [157] [264]
  Phoca groenlandica Harp seal (+) 30.0   f [157] [192]
[264]
  Phoca groenlandica Harp seal 29.0   m [192]
  Phoca hispida Ringed seal 46.0   x [100]
  Phoca hispida Ringed seal 43.0   m [192]
  Phoca hispida Ringed seal 40.0   f [192]
  Phoca hispida Ringed seal 43.0   x [82] [157]
  Phoca largha Spotted seal 32.0   x [19] [157]
[198]
  Phoca largha Spotted seal 35.0   x [100]
  Phoca largha Spotted seal 29.0   m [192]
  Phoca largha Spotted seal 32.0   f [192]
  Phoca sibirica Baikal seal 56.0   x [157] [309]
  Phoca sibirica Baikal seal 52.0   m [192]
  Phoca sibirica Baikal seal 56.0   f [192]
  Phoca vitulina Harbor seal 40.0   x [100]
  Phoca vitulina Harbor seal 26.0   m [192]
  Phoca vitulina Harbor seal 32.0   f [192]
  Phoca vitulina Harbor seal 34.0   x [233]
 
Primates
Callimiconidae Callimico goeldii Goeldi?s monkey (+)   9.0 x [100]
  Callimico goeldii Goeldi?s monkey   17.9 x [104]
  Callimico goeldii Goeldi?s monkey   16.1 f [104]
  Callimico goeldii Goeldi?s monkey (+)   15.8 m [104]
  Callimico goeldii Goeldi?s marmoset   10.9 x [143]
Callitrichidae Callithrix argentata Bare-eared marmoset   16.8 f [104]
  Callithrix argentata Bare-eared marmoset   8.8 x [104]
  Callithrix humeralifer Tassel-eared marmoset   15.0 x [104]
  Callithrix jacchus Common marmoset (+) 10.0   x [100]
  Callithrix jacchus Common marmoset (+)   16.8 m [104]
  Callithrix jacchus Common marmoset (+)   15.7 x [104]
  Callithrix jacchus Common marmoset   12.0 x [223]
  Callithrix jacchus Common marmoset 10.0 16.0 x [229]
  Cebuella pygmaea Pygmy marmoset (+) 10.0   x [100]
  Cebuella pygmaea Pygmy marmoset (+)   15.1 f [104]
  Cebuella pygmaea Pygmy marmoset   11.5 x [143]
  Leontopithecus rosalia Golden lion marmoset (+)   24.8 m [104]
  Leontopithecus rosalia Golden lion marmoset   22.0 f [104]
  Leontopithecus spp. Lion tamarin (+)   15.0 x [229]
  Saguinus fuscicollis Saddle-back tamarin   24.5 f [104]
  Saguinus fuscicollis Saddle-back tamarin   20.4 f [104]
  Saguinus imperator Long-tusked tamarin   20.2 m [104]
  Saguinus imperator Long-tusked tamarin   13.0 m [104]
  Saguinus imperator Long-tusked tamarin (+)   17.9 x [143]
  Saguinus nigricollis Black and red tamarin (+) 10.0   x [100]
  Saguinus nigricollis Black and red tamarin   15.2 f [104]
  Saguinus nigricollis Black and red tamarin   11.1 x [104]
  Saguinus oedipus Cotton top tamarin (+)   23.1 m [104]
  Saguinus oedipus Cotton top tamarin (+)   23.0 x [104]
  Saguinus tamarin     13.2 f [104]
  Saguinus tamarin     15.4 m [104]
Cebidae Alouatta caraya Black and gold howler   20.3   [104]
  Alouatta caraya Black and gold howler   20.0   [104]
  Alouatta palliata Mantled howler (+) 20.0   x [38] [81]
[100] [269]
  Alouatta palliata Mantled howler (+) 25.0     [104]
  Alouatta seniculus Red howler 25.0     [269]
  Alouatta villosa Guatemalan howler (+) 20.0   x [125]
  Aotus spp. Night monkey   18.5 x [143]
  Aotus trivirgatus Night/owl monkey 12.0   x [100]
  Aotus trivirgatus Night/owl monkey   25.3   [104]
  Aotus trivirgatus Night/owl monkey   19.3   [104]
  Aotus trivirgatus Night/owl monkey   18.5 x [143]
  Aotus trivirgatus Night/owl monkey 20.0     [269]
  Ateles belzebuth White-bellied spider monkey   28.0   [104]
  Ateles belzebuth White-bellied spider monkey   26.0 m [104]
  Ateles belzebuth White-bellied spider monkey   26.0 f [104]
  Ateles fusciceps Brown-headed spider monkey   21.5   [104]
  Ateles fusciceps Brown-headed spider monkey   24.0   [269]
  Ateles paniscus Black spider monkey (+) 20.0   x [100]
  Ateles paniscus Black spider monkey (+)   37.8 f [104]
  Ateles paniscus Black spider monkey (+)   34.0 f [104]
  Ateles spp. Spider monkey   33.0 x [143]
  Cacajao calvus Bald uakari (+) 18.0   x [100]
  Cacajao calvus Bald uakari   22.3 f [104]
  Cacajao calvus Bald uakari (+)   19.9 x [104]
  Cacajao calvus Bald uakari (+)   20.5 x [143]
  Cacajao melanocephalus Black-headed uakari (+) 12.0   x [100]
  Cacajao melanocephalus Black-headed uakari (+)   18.0 x [104]
  Cacajao (calvus) rubicundus Bald uakari (+)   27.0 m [104]
  Cacajao (calvus) rubicundus Bald uakari (+)   23.0 f [104]
  Callicebus moloch Dusky titi (+)   25.3 m [104]
  Callicebus moloch Dusky titi (+)   20.3 f [104]
  Callicebus moloch Dusky titi   12.0 x [143]
  Cebus albifrons White-fronted capuchin (+) 40.0   x [100]
  Cebus albifrons White-fronted capuchin (+)   44.0 x [104]
  Cebus albifrons White-fronted capuchin   40.5 f [104]
  Cebus albifrons White-fronted capuchin   25.0 m [104]
  Cebus apella Brown capuchin (+) 40.0   x [100]
  Cebus apella Brown capuchin   45.1 m [104]
  Cebus apella Brown capuchin   41.0 m [104]
  Cebus apella Capuchin   44.6 x [143]
  Cebus capucinus White-faced capuchin   47.0 x [100]
  Cebus capucinus White-faced capuchin   54.8 m [104]
  Cebus capucinus White-faced capuchin   46.9 m [104] [143]
  Cebus capucinus White-faced capuchin (+)   40.0 x [142]
  Cebus nigrivittatus Weeper capuchin (+) 30.0   x [100]
  Cebus nigrivittatus Weeper capuchin (+)   41.0 f [104]
  Chiropotes albinasus White-nosed saki (+) 17.0   x [100]
  Chiropotes albinasus White-nosed saki (+)   11.7 f [104]
  Chiropotes satanas Bearded saki (+) 18.0   x [100]
  Chiropotes satanas Bearded saki   15.0 f [104]
  Chiropotes satanas Bearded saki   12.7 m [104]
  Chiropotes satanas Bearded saki   15.0 x [223]
  Lagothrix lagotricha Woolly monkey   25.0 x [100]
  Lagothrix lagotricha Woolly monkey   30.0 f [104]
  Lagothrix lagotricha Woolly monkey   25.9 x [104]
  Lagothrix lagotricha Woolly monkey   24.8 m [143]
  Pithecia aequatorialis Saki   14.9 x [143]
  Pithecia monachus Red-bearded saki (+)   14.0 x [100]
  Pithecia monachus Red-bearded saki   24.6 f [104]
  Pithecia pithecia White-faced saki (+) 14.0   x [100]
  Pithecia pithecia White-faced saki (+)   20.7 m [104]
  Pithecia pithecia White-faced saki (+)   18.0 m [104]
  Pithecia pithecia White-faced saki (+)   18.0 f [104]
  Saimiri sciureus Common squirrel monkey 21.0   x [100]
  Saimiri sciureus Common squirrel monkey   27.0 f [104]
  Saimiri sciureus Common squirrel monkey   22.7 m [104]
  Saimiri sciureus Common squirrel monkey   21.0 x [223]
  Saimiri spp. Squirrel monkey (+)   15.3 x [143]
Cercopithecidae Allenopithecus nigroviridis Allen?s monkey (+) 23.0   x [100]
  Cercocebus (= Lophocebus) aterrimus Black mangabey   26.8 m [104]
  Cercocebus albigena Gray-cheeked mangabey 21.0   x [110]
  Cercocebus albigena Gray-cheeked mangabey   32.7 x [143]
  Cercocebus atys Sooty mangabey   26.8 m [104]
  Cercocebus atys Sooty mangabey 18.0   x [110]
  Cercocebus galeritus Tana River mangabey (+)   21.0 f [104]
  Cercocebus galeritus Tana River mangabey   19.0 x [269]
  Cercocebus torquatus Collared mangabey (+) 30.0   x [100]
  Cercocebus torquatus Collared mangabey (+)   14.7 f [104]
  Cercocebus torquatus Collared mangabey 20.5   x [110]
  Cercocebus torquatus Collared mangabey (+)   27.0 x [269]
  Cercopithecus (= Chlorocebus) aethiops Vervet (+) 30.0   x [100]
  Cercopithecus (= Chlorocebus) aethiops Vervet (+)   23.0 m [104]
  Cercopithecus (= Chlorocebus) aethiops Vervet (+)   31.6 m [104]
  Cercopithecus (= Chlorocebus) aethiops Vervet 31.0   x [110]
  Cercopithecus ascanius Red-tailed guenon   28.3 f [104]
  Cercopithecus ascanius Red-tailed guenon   25.9 f [104]
  Cercopithecus campbelli Campbell?s guenon (+)   25.0 f [104]
  Cercopithecus campbelli Guenon (+)   33.0 x [143]
  Cercopithecus cephus Mustached guenon (+)   23.0 m [104]
  Cercopithecus cephus Mustached guenon (+)   23.0 f [104]
  Cercopithecus diana Diana monkey   19.0 x [100]
  Cercopithecus diana Diana monkey   37.3 f [104]
  Cercopithecus diana Diana monkey (+)   30.0 f [104]
  Cercopithecus diana Diana monkey 34.8   x [110]
  Cercopithecus diana Diana monkey   34.8 x [142]
  Cercopithecus hamlyni Owl-faced monkey   27.0 m [104]
  Cercopithecus l’hoesti L?hoest?s monkey (+)   16.0 x [100]
  Cercopithecus mitis Blue monkey (+)   27.1 f [104]
  Cercopithecus mitis Blue monkey (+)   25.0 f [104]
  Cercopithecus mona Mona monkey (+) 30.0   x [100]
  Cercopithecus mona Mona monkey (+)   20.5 f [104]
  Cercopithecus mona Mona monkey   22.0 x [269]
  Cercopithecus neglectus De Brazza?s monkey   26.3 f [104]
  Cercopithecus neglectus De Brazza?s monkey   23.0 f [104]
  Cercopithecus nictitans Greater spot-nosed monkey   23.0 f [104]
  Cercopithecus nictitans Greater spot-nosed monkey   18.9 m [104]
  Cercopithecus petaurista Lesser spot-nosed guenon (+)   19.0 x [104]
  Cercopithecus petaurista Lesser spot-nosed guenon (+)   16.7 f [104]
  Cercopithecus pogonias Crowned guenon   24.1 f [104]
  Cercopithecus pogonias Crowned guenon   18.5 f [104]
  Colobus guereza Guereza   24.0 x [100]
  Colobus guereza Guereza   24.5 m [104]
  Colobus guereza Guereza   23.8 f [104]
  Colobus polykomos Western black and white colobus (+)   27.5 x [115]
  Colobus polykomos Western black and white colobus (+)   23.0 x [100]
  Colobus polykomos Western black and white colobus   24.0 m [104]
  Colobus polykomos Western black and white colobus 26.0   x [110]
  Colobus polykomos Western black and white colobus 30.5   x [269]
  Erythrocebus patas Patas monkey (+) 21.0   x [100]
  Erythrocebus patas Patas monkey   23.9 f [104]
  Erythrocebus patas Patas monkey   21.7 f [104]
  Erythrocebus patas Patas monkey   21.6 x [143]
  Macaca arctoides Stump-tailed macaque (+)   24.0 f [104]
  Macaca arctoides Stump-tailed macaque (+)   20.1 f [104]
  Macaca arctoides Stump-tailed macaque (+) 30.0   x [110]
  Macaca fascicularis Crab-eating monkey   38.0 x [100]
  Macaca fascicularis Crab-eating monkey   25.0 f [104]
  Macaca fascicularis Crab-eating macaque   37.1 x [143]
  Macaca fuscata Japanese macaque   32.0 f [71]
  Macaca fuscata Japanese macaque   27.0 m [71]
  Macaca fuscata Japanese macaque (+) 30.0   x [100]
  Macaca fuscata Japanese macaque   33.0 x [104]
  Macaca fuscata Japanese macaque (+)   22.7 f [104]
  Macaca mulatta Rhesus macaque (+) 30.0   x [100]
  Macaca mulatta Rhesus macaque (+)   26.0 x [104]
  Macaca mulatta Rhesus macaque (+)   23.0 f [104]
  Macaca mulatta Rhesus macaque   36.0 x [104]
  Macaca mulatta Rhesus macaque   35.0 x [104]
  Macaca nemestrina Pig-tailed macaque (+) 30.0   x [100]
  Macaca nemestrina Pig-tailed macaque (+)   34.3 x [104]
  Macaca nemestrina Pig-tailed macaque   27.1 m [104]
  Macaca radiata Bonnet macaque (+) 20.0   x [100]
  Macaca silenus Lion-tailed macaque (+) 30.0   x [100]
  Macaca silenus Lion-tailed macaque   40.0 f [104]
  Macaca silenus Lion-tailed macaque   38.0 m [104]
  Macaca sinica Toque macaque   35.0 x [76]
  Macaca sinica Toque macaque   29.3 x [104]
  Macaca sinica Toque macaque 30.0   x [269]
  Macaca sylvanus Barbary ape (+) 20.0   x [100]
  Macaca sylvanus Barbary ape (+)   17.0 m [104]
  Macaca sylvanus Barbary ape 22.0   x [269]
  Mandrillus leucophaeus Drill   33.4 f [104]
  Mandrillus leucophaeus Drill   28.4 x [104]
  Mandrillus leucophaeus Drill   28.6 x [110]
  Mandrillus sphinx Mandrill   46.0 x [100] [116]
  Mandrillus sphinx Mandrill   31.7 f [104]
  Miopithecus talapoin Talapoin   27.7 x [143]
  Miopithecus talapoin Talapoin 28.0   x [100]
  Miopithecus talapoin Dwarf guenon (Talapoin)   30.9 m [104]
  Miopithecus talapoin Dwarf guenon (Talapoin) (+)   23.1 m [104]
  Miopithecus talapoin Dwarf guenon (Talapoin)   27.7 x [143]
  Nasalis larvatus Proboscis monkey   13.6 x [97]
  Nasalis larvatus Proboscis monkey   21.0 m [104]
  Nasalis larvatus Proboscis monkey (+)   20.0 f [104]
  Papio anubis Olive baboon   25.2 m [104]
  Papio cynocephalus Yellow baboon 45.0   x [100]
  Papio cynocephalus Yellow baboon (+)   35.1 f [104]
  Papio cynocephalus Yellow baboon   27.7 x [104]
  Papio cynocephalus Yellow baboon 40.0   x [269]
  Papio hamadryas Hamadryas baboon (+) 37.0   x [100]
  Papio hamadryas Hamadryas baboon   37.5 m [104] [229]
  Papio hamadryas Hamadryas baboon   35.6 x [104] [143]
  Papio hamadryas Hamadryas baboon   28.8 x [104]
  Papio papio Guinea baboon   27.0 m [104]
  Papio papio Guinea baboon   25.8 x [104]
  Papio papio Guinea baboon   40.0 x [269]
  Papio ursinus Chacma baboon (+)   31.2 f [104]
  Papio ursinus Chacma baboon   27.6 x [104]
  Papio ursinus Chacma baboon   45.0 x [229]
  Presbytis (= Trachypithecus) obscura Spectacled leaf monkey(+)   25.0 x [104]
  Presbytis (= Trachypithecus) obscura Spectacled leaf monkey(+)   15.3 f [104]
  Presbytis (= Trachypithecus) cristata Silvered langur   31.1 f [104]
  Presbytis (= Trachypithecus) cristata Silvered langur   18.8 m [104]
  Presbytis (= Semnopithecus) entellus Hanuman langur (+)   25.0 f [100] [104]
  Presbytis (= Semnopithecus) entellus Hanuman langur (+)   24.0 m [104]
  Semnopithecus (= Presbytis) entellus Hanuman langur (+)   25.0 x [229]
  Presbytis melalophos Mitered leaf monkey   16.0 x [104]
  Presbytis senex (= Trachypithecus vetulus) Purple-faced leaf monkey (+)   23.0 m [104]
  Pygathrix nemaeus Red-shanked douc langur (+)   25.0 m [104]
  Pygathrix nemaeus Red-shanked douc langur (+)   21.0 m [104]
  Theropithecus gelada Gelada (+) 20.0   x [100]
  Theropithecus gelada Gelada (+)   28.0 f [104]
  Theropithecus gelada Gelada (+)   27.0 f [104]
  Theropithecus gelada Gelada (+)   20.8 x [143]
  Trachypithecus spp. Leaf monkey   23.7 x [143]
Cheirogaleidae Cheirogaleus major Greater dwarf lemur   15.0 x [192]
  Cheirogaleus major Greater dwarf lemur   15.0 x [100]
  Cheirogaleus major Greater dwarf lemur   10.0 f [104]
  Cheirogaleus major Greater dwarf lemur   8.7 x [104]
  Cheirogaleus medius Fat-tailed dwarf lemur   18.0 x [100]
  Cheirogaleus medius Fat-tailed dwarf lemur   19.3 m [104]
  Cheirogaleus medius Fat-tailed dwarf lemur   17.0 f [104]
  Cheirogaleus medius Fat-tailed dwarf lemur   18.0 x [192]
  Cheirogaleus spp. Dwarf lemur (+)   8.3 x [143]
  Microcebus murinus Gray lesser mouse lemur   14.0 x [192]
  Microcebus rufus Brown lesser mouse lemur   12.0 x [192]
  Mirza coquereli Coquerel?s dwarf lemur   15.3 x [104] [143]
Daubentoniidae Daubentonia madagascariensis Aye-aye   23.3 x [143]
  Daubentonia madagascariensis Aye-aye (+)   23.0 x [100]
  Daubentonia madagascariensis Aye-aye   24.3 x [104]
  Daubentonia madagascariensis Aye-aye (+)   5.4 f [104]
Hominidae Homo sapiens Human (+)   116.0 x [21]
  Homo sapiens Human (+)   100.0 x [229]
  Homo sapiens Human   122.5 f [5]
Hylobatidae Hylobates agilis Agile gibbon 25.0   x [100]
  Hylobates agilis Agile gibbon (+)   44.0 m [104]
  Hylobates agilis Agile gibbon (+)   28.0 f [104]
  Hylobates concolor Concolor gibbon   44.1 x [104]
  Hylobates concolor Concolor gibbon (+)   25.0 f [104]
  Hylobates lar Lar gibbon   31.5 x [142]
  Hylobates lar Lar gibbon 25.0   x [192]
  Hylobates lar Lar gibbon (+)   40.0 m [104]
  Hylobates lar Lar gibbon (+)   40.0 f [104]
  Hylobates moloch muelleri Gray gibbon 25.0   x [100]
  Hylobates moloch muelleri Gray gibbon (+)   29.0 m [104]
  Hylobates moloch muelleri Gray gibbon (+)   25.0 f [104]
  Hylobates pileatus Capped gibbon 25.0   x [100]
  Hylobates pileatus Capped gibbon   36.0 m [104]
  Hylobates pileatus Capped gibbon (+)   31.0 m [104]
  Hylobates pileatus x H. agilis Gibbon hybrid   37.9 f [104]
  Hylobates pileatus x H. agilis Gibbon hybrid   34.7 x [143]
  Hylobates syndactylus Siamang 25.0 19.9 x [41] [100]
  Hylobates syndactylus Siamang (+)   38.0 f [104]
  Hylobates syndactylus Siamang   37.0 m [104]
  Hylobates syndactylus Siamang 30.0   x [192]
Indriidae Propithecus verreauxi Sifaka   18.2 x [143]
  Propithecus verreauxi Verreaux?s sifaka (+)   18.0 x [100]
  Propithecus verreauxi Verreaux?s sifaka (+)   20.6 m [104]
  Propithecus verreauxi Verreaux?s sifaka (+)   18.2 f [104]
Lemuridae Eulemur macaco X (Petterus fulvus) Captive hybrid lemur   39.0 x [143]
  Hapalemur griseus Gentle lemur   12.8 m [100] [104]
[143]
  Hapalemur griseus Gray gentle lemur (+)   17.1 f [104]
  Hapalemur simus Broad-nosed gentle lemur   12.0 x [100]
  Lemur fulvus Brown lemur   37.0 m [104]
  Lemur fulvus Brown lemur   36.5 f [104]
  Lemur fulvus Brown lemur   30.8 x [142]
  Lemur catta Ring-tailed lemur (+)   20.0 x [100]
  Lemur catta Ring-tailed lemur (+)   30.0 f [104]
  Lemur catta Ring-tailed lemur (+)   26.0 x [104]
  Lemur catta Ring-tailed lemur 27.1   x [110]
  Lemur coronatus Crowned lemur   18.4 x [104]
  Lemur macaco Black lemur   30.0 x [100]
  Lemur macaco Black lemur   28.0 f [104]
  Lemur macaco Black lemur 27.1   x [104]
  Lemur macaco Black lemur   27.1 f [223]
  Lemur mongoz Mongoose lemur   30.0 x [100]
  Lemur mongoz Mongoose lemur (+)   27.9 m [104]
  Lemur mongoz Mongoose lemur   24.3 x [104]
  Microcebus coquerrel Coquerel?s mouse lemur   15.0 x [100]
  Microcebus murinus Lesser mouse lemur   15.5 m [104]
  Microcebus murinus Lesser mouse lemur (+)   14.0 m [100] [104]
  Phaner furcifer Fork-marked lemur   12.0 x [104]
  Varecia variegata Ruffed lemur   19.0 x [100] [229]
  Varecia variegata Ruffed lemur   28.0 m [104]
  Varecia variegata Ruffed lemur (+)   32.0 f [104]
Lorisidae Arctocebus calabarensis Golden potto   12.2 x [104]
  Arctocebus calabarensis Golden potto 9.5   x [110]
  Arctocebus calabarensis Golden potto   13.0 x [100] [143]
  Galago alleni Allen?s bush baby   12.0 x [100] [192]
  Galago crassicaudatus Greater galago   15.0 x [100]
  Galago crassicaudatus Greater galago   18.8 m [104]
  Galago crassicaudatus Greater galago   14.0 x [223]
  Galago demidovii Dwarf bush baby   9.4 x [104]
  Galago demidovii Dwarf bush baby   9.2 f [104]
  Galago demidovii Dwarf bush baby 14.0   x [110]
  Galago demidovii Dwarf bush baby   12.0 x [100] [192]
  Galago elegantulus Needle-clawed bush baby   15.0 x [100] [192]
  Galago senegalensis Galago (+)   17.0 f [104]
  Galago senegalensis Senegal bush baby   16.5 x [104] [143]
  Galago senegalensis Lesser bush baby   14.0 x [100] [192]
  Galagoides alleni Dwarf galago (+)   8.0 x [40] [320]
  Loris tardigradus Slender loris   15.0 x [100]
  Loris tardigradus Slender loris (+)   14.0 m [104]
  Loris tardigradus Slender loris   16.4 m [104]
  Loris tardigradus Slender loris   12.4 x [143] [229]
  Nycticebus coucang Slow loris   20.0 f [100] [104]
  Nycticebus coucang Slow loris   26.5 f [104]
  Nycticebus spp Slow loris 14.0   x [229]
  Otolemur garnettii Greater bush baby (+)   14.0 x [55] [131]
[160] [224]
[297] [320]
  Otolemur garnettii Greater bush baby (+)   15.7 m [104]
  Otolemur garnettii Greater bush baby   15.0 f [104]
  Perodicticus potto Potto (+)   22.0 x [100]
  Perodicticus potto Potto   26.0 m [104]
  Perodicticus potto Potto   22.0 m [143]
  Perodicticus potto Potto   15.0 x [192]
Megaladapidae Lepilemur mustilinus Sportive lemur   12.0 x [100]
  Lepilemur spp. Sportive lemur   8.6 x [143]
Pongidae Gorilla gorilla Gorilla 50.0 54.0 x [21] [104]
[229]
  Gorilla gorilla Gorilla (+) 47.0 40.0 x [100]
  Gorilla gorilla Gorilla   47.0 f [104]
  Gorilla gorilla Gorilla (+)   39.3 x [142]
  Gorilla gorilla gorilla Lowland gorilla   36.0 x [141]
  Pan paniscus Pygmy chimpanzee (+) 20.0   x [100]
  Pan paniscus Pygmy chimpanzee (+)   48.0 f [236]
  Pan paniscus Pygmy chimpanzee (+)   35.0 m [236]
  Pan troglodytes Chimpanzee 51.0   x [21]
  Pan troglodytes Chimpanzee (+) 50.0 40.0 x [100]
  Pan troglodytes Chimpanzee   56.0 m [104]
  Pan troglodytes Chimpanzee   59.4 f [104]
  Pan troglodytes Chimpanzee (+)   44.5 x [142]
  Pan troglodytes Chimpanzee 60.0 53.0 x [143]
  Pan troglodytes Common chimpanzee 45.0   x [192]
  Pongo pygmaeus Orangutan 59.0   x [21]
  Pongo pygmaeus Orangutan 35.0 50.0 x [100] [192]
  Pongo pygmaeus Orangutan   59.0 x [229]
  Pongo pygmaeus Orangutan   58.8 m [104]
  Pongo pygmaeus Orangutan   57.3 f [104]
Tarsiidae Tarsius bancanus Western tarsier 8.0   x [100] [192]
  Tarsius spectrum Spectral tarsier   12.0 x [110]
  Tarsius syrichta Philippine tarsier (+)   13.0 x [100]
  Tarsius syrichta Tarsier   13.4 x [143]
  Tarsius syrichta Philippine tarsier   12.0 x [192]
  Tarsius syrichta Philippine tarsier   13.0 x [100]
  Tarsius syrichta Philippine tarsier   15.0 m [104]
  Tarsius syrichta Philippine tarsier   13.5 m [104]
 
Proboscidea
Elephantidae Elephas maximus Asiatic elephant 78.0   x [21]
  Elephas maximus Asian elephant 40.0 69.0 x [100]
  Elephas maximus Asian elephant 60.0 80.0 x [192]
  Elephas maximus Asiatic elephant   77.0 x [288]
  Elephas maximus Asiatic elephant 70.0   x [160] [173]
[220] [296]
  Loxodonta africana African elephant 70.0   x [21] [100]
  Loxodonta africana African elephant 60.0 80.0 x [192]
 
Rodentia
Abrocomidae Abrocoma bennetti Chinchilla-rat   2.3 x [143]
Anomaluridae Pedetes capensis Springhare   13.0 x [100]
  Pedetes capensis Springhare   14.5 x [192]
Aplodontidae Aplodontia rufa Mountain beaver 6.0   x [100]
  Aplodontia rufa Mountain beaver   6.0 x [190]
  Aplodontia rufa Mountain beaver 10.0   x [192]
Bathyergidae Cryptomys spp. Common mole-rat   2.4 x [143]
  Georychus capensis Cape mole-rat 3.0   x [308]
  Heliophobius argenteocinereus Silvery mole-rat (+)   3.1 f [136]
  Heterocephalus glaber Naked mole-rat   5.0 x [100] [135]
[137] [138]
[139]
  Heterocephalus glaber Naked mole-rat   10.0 x [192]
Capromyidae Capromys pilorides Cuban hutia   11.3 x [143]
  Geocapromys (= Capromys) brownii Brown?s hutia   8.3 x [143]
  Geocapromys (= Capromys) ingrahami Bahamian hutia (+) 6.0   x [100]
  Plagiodontia aedium Hispaniolan hutia   9.9 x [143]
Castoridae Castor spp. Beaver 24.0   x [29]
  Castor canadensis American beaver (+) 15.0   x [21]
  Castor fiber European beaver 17.0 25.0 x [100]
Caviidae Cavia apera f. porcellus Domestic guinea pig 5.0 10.0 x [100]
  Cavia porcellus Guinea pig 14.8   x [21]
  Cavia spp. Guinea pig   8.0 x [229]
  Dolichotis patagonum Patagonian cavy   14.0 x [101]
  Galea musteloides Yellow-toothed cavy 1.3 1.8 x [168] [265]
[329]
  Galea spixii Yellow-toothed cavy   4.6 x [143]
  Kerodon rupestris Rock cavy   11.0 x [262]
Chinchillidae Chinchilla chinchilla boliviana Short-tailed chinchilla 10.0   x [100]
  Chinchilla lanigera Chinchilla 11.3   x [21]
  Chinchilla lanigera Long-tailed chinchilla 10.0   x [100]
  Chinchilla spp. Chinchilla (+) 10.0 20.0 x [229] [329]
  Lagidium peruanum Mountain viscacha   19.5 x [143]
  Lagostomus maximus Plains viscacha   9.4 x [229]
  Lagostomus maximus Viscacha (+)   9.0 x [100]
Ctenodactylidae Ctenodactylus spp. Gundi   5.0 x [100]
  Ctenodactylus vali Gundi   5.0 f [89]
  Pectinator spekei Speke?s pectinator   4.0 f [89]
  Pectinator spekei Speke?s gundi   10.0 x [192]
Ctenomyidae Ctenomys talarum Tuco-tuco 3.0   x [329]
  Ctenomys spp. Tuco-tuco 3.0   x [100]
Dasyproctidae Agouti paca Paca (+)   16.0 x [43] [229]
  Dasyprocta leporina Agouti   17.8 x [143]
  Dasyprocta punctata Central American agouti (+) 10.0   x [100]
  Myoprocta spp. Acouchi   10.2 x [143]
  Myoprocta acouchy Acouchi (+)   10.0 x [100]
Dinomyidae Dinomys branickii Pacarana   9.4 x [143]
  Dinomys branickii Pacarana (+)   9.0 x [100]
Dipodidae Allactaga euphratica Four- and five-toed jerboa   4.2 x [143]
Echimyidae Kannabateomys amblyonyx Rato de Taquara   1.6 x [143]
  Makalata armata     3.1 x [143]
  Proechimys guyannensis Spiny rat 1.7 3.5 x [66]
  Proechimys semispinosus Spiny rat 2.0 4.8 x [143]
Erethizontidae Coendou prehensilis Prehensile-tailed porcupine   17.3 x [143]
  Coendou prehensilis Prehensile-tailed porcupine (+) 17.0 9.0 x [100]
  Erethizon dorsatum N. American porcupine 18.0   x [56]
  Erethizon dorsatum N. American porcupine 17.0   x [100] [192]
Geomyidae Cratogeomys castanops Mexican pocket gopher 2.6   m [298]
  Cratogeomys castanops Mexican pocket gopher 4.7   f [298]
  Geomys bursarius Eastern pocket gopher   7.2 x [143]
  Geomys spp. Eastern pocket gopher 4.0 7.0 x [100]
  Pappogeomys spp. Yellow and cinnamon pocket gopher 1.1   f [100]
  Pappogeomys spp. Yellow and cinnamon pocket gopher 0.6   m [100]
  Thomomys spp Western pocket gopher 5.0   x [100]
  Thomomys spp. Western pocket gopher 4.0   x [229]
  Thomomys talpoides Pocket gopher 1.6   x [21]
Gliridae Dryomys nitedula Forest dormouse (+) 4.0   x [100]
  Eliomys quercinus Garden dormouse   5.5 x [143]
  Glis glis Edible dormouse 9.0   x [100]
  Glis glis Fat dormouse   8.7 x [229]
  Graphiurus murinus African dormouse   5.8 x [143]
  Muscardinus avellanarius Common dormouse 4.0 6.0 x [45] [100]
Heteromyidae Chaetodipus fallax Coarse-haired pocket mouse   8.3 x [143]
  Dipodomys ordii Kangaroo rat   9.8 x [299]
  Dipodomys spp. Kangaroo rat 9.8   x [100]
  Liomys adspersus Spiny pocket mouse (+) 1.5   x [74] [75]
  Liomys spp. Spiny pocket mouse 1.5   x [100]
  Microdipodops megacephalus Kangaroo mouse   5.4 x [60]
  Perognathus formosus Hibernating pocket mouse 5.0   x [192]
  Perognathus longimembris Silky pocket mouse   8.3 x [113]
  Perognathus spp. Pocket mouse 8.0   x [100]
Hydrochaeridae Hydrochaerus hydrochaeris Capybara   12.0 x [101]
  Hydrochaerus hydrochaeris Capybara 10.0   x [192]
  Hydrochaerus hydrochaeris Capybara 12.0   x [21]
  Hydrochaerus hydrochaeris Capybara 10.0   x [100]
Hystricidae Atherurus africanus Brush-tailed porcupine   22.9 x [100] [299]
  Hystrix brachyura Old World porcupine   27.3 x [143]
  Hystrix pumila Old World porcupine   9.5 x [143]
  Hystrix spp. Porcupine (+) 20.0 15.0 x [100]
  Thecurus (= Hystrix) pumilis Indonesian porcupine   9.5 x [100]
  Trichys fasciculata Long-tailed porcupine   10.1 x [100] [299]
Muridae Acomys cahirinus Spiny mouse   5.0 x [101] [106]
[158] [267]
  Acomys spp. Spiny mouse   4.0 x [100]
  Apodemus agrarius Striped field mouse   4.0 x [100]
  Apodemus flavicollis Yellow-necked mouse   4.0 x [100]
  Apodemus sylvaticus Wood mouse   4.0 x [100]
  Apodemus sylvaticus Old World wood and field mouse 1.0 4.4 x [143]
  Arvicanthis spp. Unstriped grass mouse   7.0 x [100]
  Arvicanthis spp. Unstriped grass mouse   6.7 x [143]
  Arvicola richardsoni Richardson?s water vole 1.5   x [100]
  Arvicola sapidus Southwestern water vole 2.5 3.5 x [100]
  Arvicola terrestris Water vole 2.5 3.5 x [100]
  Arvicola terrestris Water vole   5.0 x [45]
  Baiomys taylori Pygmy mouse   3.0 x [143]
  Baiomys taylori Northern pygmy mouse   3.0 x [100]
  Berylmys bowersi White-toothed rat   2.9 x [207]
  Cannomys badius Lesser bamboo rat   3.3 x [143]
  Cannomys spp. Bamboo rat   4.0 x [100]
  Chiropodomys spp. Pencil-tailed tree mouse   4.0 x [100]
  Chiropodomys spp. Pencil-tailed tree mouse 2.0 3.6 x [207] [222]
  Clethrionomys glareolus Red-backed mouse   4.9 x [143]
  Colomys goslingi African water rat   3.0 x [100]
  Cricetomys spp. African giant pounched rat   7.8 x [143]
  Cricetomys spp. African giant pouched rat (+)   7.0 x [100]
  Cricetus cricetus Common hamster 4.0   x [100]
  Cricetus cricetus Common hamster   2.0 x [229]
  Delanymys brooksi Delany?s swamp mouse 2.0   x [100]
  Dendromus spp. African climbing mouse   4.0 x [100]
  Dendromus mesomelas African climbing mouse   3.3 x [143]
  Dicrostonyx torquatus Arctic lemming   3.8 x [100]
  Dicrostonyx spp. Collared lemming   3.3 x [10]
  Eligmodontia typus Highland desert mouse   0.8 x [238]
  Eothenomys smithi Pere David?s vole   3.5 x [6]
  Gerbillus pyramidum Greater Egyptian gerbil (+) 8.0   x [21]
  Gerbillus pyramidum Greater Egyptian gerbil   8.2 x [143]
  Grammomys dolichurus     4.4 x [143]
  Hybomys spp. Back-striped mouse   4.0 x [100]
  Lemmus lemmus Norway lemming   2.0 x [100]
  Lemmus spp. True lemming   2.0 x [10] [101]
[111]
  Lemniscomys striatus Striped grass mouse   2.5 f [229]
  Lenothrix canus Gray tree rat   3.8 x [207]
  Leopoldamys spp. Long-tailed giant rat   2.0 x [100] [207]
  Lophiomys imhausi Crested rat   7.5 x [143]
  Lophiomys imhausi Crested rat   1.5 x [100]
  Lophuromys spp. Brush-furred mouse   2.0 x [159]
  Mastomys spp. Multimammate mouse   4.0 x [100]
  Meriones crassus Jird   5.6 x [143]
  Meriones unguiculatus Mongolian gerbil (+)   2.0 x [100]
  Mesembriomys gouldii Tree rat   3.9 x [143]
  Mesocricetus auratus Golden hamster 10.0   x [21]
  Mesocricetus auratus Golden hamster 3.0   x [100]
  Mesocricetus auratus Golden hamster   3.0 x [229]
  Micromys minutus Harvest mouse   4.0 x [100]
  Micromys minutus Old World harvest mouse 1.5 5.0 x [229]
  Microtus agrestis Field vole 1.6 3.3 x [100]
  Microtus arvalis Common vole   3.0 x [100]
  Microtus guentheri Vole   3.9 x [143]
  Microtus oeconomus Root vole 1.4 1.8 x [100]
  Microtus pinetorum Pine vole   2.8 x [100]
  Millardia gleadowi Asian soft-furred rat   4.0 x [229]
  Millardia spp. Asian soft-furred rat   4.0 x [100]
  Mus minutoides Mouse   3.1 x [17] [28]
[191]
  Mus musculus House mouse 6.0   x [21]
  Mus musculus Mouse   6.0 x [143]
  Myopus schisticolor Wood lemming 1.0   x [100]
  Mystromys albicaudatus White-tailed rat   6.0 x [50]
  Mystromys albicaudatus White-tailed rat   6.0 x [100]
  Nannospalax spp. Mediterranean blind mole-rat 4.5   x [274]
  Neotoma albigula Wood rat   7.7 x [143]
  Neotoma floridana Eastern woodrat 3.0   x [100]
  Notomys alexis Australian hopping mouse   5.2 x [143]
  Notomys spp. Australian hopping mouse   6.0 x [100]
  Nyctomys sumichrasti Vesper rat   5.2 x [143]
  Ochrotomys nuttalli Golden mouse   8.4 f [229]
  Ondatra zibethicus Muskrat 3.0 10.0 x [229]
  Ondatra zibethicus Muskrat 4.0   x [100]
  Onychomys leucogaster Northern grasshopper mouse (+)   5.0 x [100]
  Onychomys torridus Grasshopper mouse   4.6 x [143]
  Oxymycterus rutilans Burrowing mouse   2.6 x [143]
  Pachyuromys duprasi Fat-tailed gerbil   4.4 x [100]
  Pachyuromys duprasi Fat-tailed gerbil   4.4 x [143]
  Peromyscus maniculatus Deer mouse   8.3 x [10]
  Phloeomys spp. Slender-tailed cloud rat   13.6 x [276]
  Phodopus sungorus Striped hairy-footed hamster   3.2 x [143]
  Phodopus sungorus Striped hairy-footed hamster (+)   3.0 x [100]
  Pithecheir spp. Monkey-footed rat   3.0 x [183]
  Platacanthomys lasiurus Spiny dormouse   1.7 f [250]
  Pogonomys macrourus Prehensile-tailed rat   2.4 x [143]
  Praomys tullbergi African soft-furred rat   5.2 x [143]
  Pseudomys spp. Australian native mouse   6.0 x [100]
  Pseudomys australis Australian native mouse   5.6 x [143]
  Rattus rattus Rat   4.2 x [207]
  Reithrodon physodes Coney rat   5.5 x [143]
  Reithrodontomys spp. American harvest mouse 1.5   x [73]
  Rhabdomys pumilio Four-striped grass mouse   2.9 x [143]
  Rhizomys spp. Bamboo rat   4.0 x [176]
  Rhizomys spp. Bamboo rat   4.0 x [100]
  Rhombomys opimus Great gerbil 4.0   f [225] [263]
  Rhombomys opimus Great gerbil 3.0   m [225] [263]
  Saccostomus campestris African pouched rat   2.8 x [143]
  Saccostomus spp. African pouched rat   3.0 x [100]
  Sekeetamys calurus Bushy-tailed jird   5.4 x [100]
  Sekeetamys calurus Bushy-tailed jird   5.4 x [143]
  Sigmodon hispidus Cotton rat   5.2 x [143]
  Sundamys muelleri Giant sunda rat (+) 0.5 2.0 x [207]
  Synaptomys cooperi Southern bog lemming (+)   2.5 x [100]
  Synaptomys spp. Bog lemming   2.4 f [184]
  Tachyoryctes spp. African mole-rat   3.1 x [249]
  Tatera indica Indian gerbil   7.0 x [100]
  Tatera indica Large naked-soled gerbil   7.0 x [143]
  Thallomys paedulcus Acacia rat   3.5 x [143]
  Tylomys nudicaudus Climbing rat   5.4 x [143]
Myocastoridae Myocastor coypus Nutria   10.0 x [186]
  Myocastor coypus Nutria (+) 6.0   x [21]
  Myocastor coypus Nutria   6.0 x [100]
Octodontidae Octodon degus Degus   7.1 x [143]
  Octodontomys gliroides Bori (+)   7.0 x [100]
  Octodontomys gliroides Chozchoz   7.3 x [143]
  Spalacopus cyanus Coruro   5.8 x [143]
  Spalacopus cyanus Coruro   6.0 x [100]
Pedetidae Pedetes capensis Springhare   13.8 x [143]
Sciuridae Ammospermophilus leucurus Antelope ground squirrel   5.8 x [143]
  Atlantoxerus getulus Barbary ground squirrel (+)   9.0 x [100]
  Atlantoxerus getulus Barbary ground squirrel   5.6 x [143]
  Callosciurus erythraeus Beautiful squirrel   16.1 x [143]
  Callosciurus notatus Plantain squirrel   9.6 x [100]
  Cynomys ludovicianus Prairie dog   8.5 x [35] [100]
  Dremomys lokriah Red-cheeked squirrel   7.1 x [143]
  Eutamias (= Tamias) ruficaudus Western American chipmunk 8.0   x [11]
  Funisciurus congicus African striped squirrel   9.5 x [143]
  Glaucomys sabrinus Northern flying squirrel   13.0 x [100]
  Glaucomys volans Southern flying squirrel (+)   12.0 x [100] [143]
  Heliosciurus rufobrachium Sun squirrel   8.9 x [143]
  Marmota bobak Bobak?s marmot 15.0   x [100]
  Marmota marmota Alpine marmot   18.0 x [100]
  Marmota marmota Alpine marmot 15.0   x [229]
  Menetes berdmorei Berdmore?s palm squirrel   4.3 x [143]
  Petaurista petaurista Giant flying squirrel   16.0 x [100]
  Protoxerus stangeri Oil palm squirrel   5.1 x [143]
  Pteromys volans Siberian flying squirrel 3.8   x [21]
  Sciurus carolinensis Eastern gray squirrel 23.5   x [21]
  Sciurus carolinensis Eastern gray squirrel (+) 23.6 12.0 x [100]
  Sciurus carolinensis Eastern gray squirrel 12.5 23.5 x [143]
  Sciurus vulgaris Eurasian red squirrel 12.0   x [100]
  Spermophilus spp. Ground squirrel (+) 11.0   f [286]
  Tamias striatus Eastern American chipmunk 3.0 8.0 x [92] [100]
  Tamiasciurus spp. Red squirrel 7.0 10.0 x [10] [100]
[272]
  Trogopterus xanthipes Complex-toothed flying squirrel   12.0 x [325]
  Xerus erythropus Western ground squirrel   6.0 x [100]
  Xerus inauris African ground squirrel (+)   6.0 x [229]
Spalacidae Spalax spp. Blind mole-rat (+)   4.0 x [100]
Thryonomyidae Thryonomys swinderianus Cane rat 4.3   x [21]
  Thryonomys swinderianus Cane rat   4.3 x [143]
Zapodidae Napaeozapus insignis Woodland jumping mouse 4.0   x [229]
  Sicista betulina Northern birch mouse 3.5   x [100]
  Sicista spp. Birch mouse 3.3   x [130]
  Zapus hudsonius Jumping mouse   5.0 x [143]
 
Scandentia
Tupaiidae Ptilocercus lowii Pen-tailed tree shrew   2.7 x [176]
  Tupaia glis Tree shrew   12.4 x [143]
  Urogale everetti Philippine tree shrew   11.5 x [143]
 
Sirenia
Dugongidae Dugong dugon Dugong (+) 55.0   x [192]
  Dugong dugon Dugong 70.0 10.0 x [128] [227]
  Dugong dugon Dugong 55.0   x [100]
Trichechidae Trichechus inunguis Amazonian manatee   12.5 x [127]
  Trichechus inunguis Amazonian manatee (+) 30.0   x [192]
  Trichechus manatus Caribbean manatee 30.0   x [21]
  Trichechus manatus Caribbean manatee (+)   30.0 x [143]
  Trichechus manatus Caribbean manatee   28.0 x [192]
 
Tubulidentata
Orycteropodidae Orycteropus afer Aardvark 23.0   x [21]
  Orycteropus afer Aardvark   23.0 x [100]
  Orycteropus afer Aardvark   10.0 x [192]
  Orycteropus afer Aardvark   24.0 m [289]
  Orycteropus afer Aardvark   18.0 f [289]
 
Xenarthra (= Edentata)
Bradypodidae Bradypus torquatus Maned sloth 12.0   x [100]
Dasypodidae Calyptophraetus (= Chlamyphorus) retuses Burmeister?s armadillo 12.0   x [21]
  Chaetophractus villosus Larger hairy armadillo   19.0 x [100]
  Chaetophractus villosus Hairy armadillo (+)   20.0 x [229]
  Dasypus novemcinctus Common long-nosed armadillo 15.0   x [100] [334]
  Euphractus sexcinctus Six-banded armadillo   18.8 x [143]
  Priodontes maximus Giant armadillo (+)   4.0 x [100]
  Priodontes maximus Giant armadillo 15.0   x [208]
  Tolypeutes spp. Three-banded armadillo 15.0   x [208]
  Zaedyus pichiy Pichi   9.0 x [143]
Megalonychidae Choloepus didactylus Linne?s two-toed sloth (+)   27.8 x [143]
  Choloepus hoffmanni Hoffmann?s two-toed sloth (+)   32.1 x [143]
Myrmecophagidae Cyclopes didactylus Silky anteater   2.3 x [208]
  Myrmecophaga tridactyla Giant anteater   26.0 x [100] [192]
  Myrmecophaga tridactyla Giant anteater   25.8 x [143]
  Tamandua tetradactyla Southern tamandua (+)   9.0 x [100]
  Tamandua mexicana Northern tamandua   9.5 x [192]
  Tamandua spp. Tamandua   9.5 x [143]
Category: Rehabilitation Articles
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